Self-evaluation Global climate changes are manmade Essay

Self-evaluation Global climate changes are manmade - Essay Example Therefore, this argument is not valid. How I would make this argument valid would be to cite more broad-based examples of extreme weather pattern which are linked to human activities. In this case, the case of the Texas farmers who have experienced extreme weather events is too narrow of an example, because the extreme weather events experienced by the Texas farmers could be due to any number of causes(Crook, 1999). Presenting examples which are broader based, more tied to the issue of global warming, and are less likely to have any number of causes for these observed phenomenon, would be a better way of illustrating this point. Conclusion #2 – that the industrial revolution influenced the world in significant ways. First of all, this conclusion is poorly written, because, as written, this conclusion does not support the overall argument of the paper, which is that human beings are responsible for internal and external changes in weather. A better way of writing this conclusion so that it is more supportive of the overall argument would be to write the following: â€Å"The emergence of the industrial revolution, in the 19th Century, accelerated the global warming process in different ways.† As for the premises to support the conclusion – one of the premises is that the industrial activities, such as the burning of fossile fuel and coal, and the utilization of natural gas and oil, led to large emissions of toxic gases into the atmosphere. This particular premise is sound, because it links the activities in the industrial revolution directly with the conclusion that the industrial revolution contributes to greenhouse gases. However, the next argument, that the energy sector contributes to 20 percent of methane and 75 percent of carbon dioxide emissions, does not support the conclusion. The conclusion relates specifically to the industrial revolution, which is a specific period of time. The above

Preferred language style Essay Example for Free

Preferred language style Essay Conduct a debate on: Most job candidates are concerned with baseline pay. Incentives and benefits do very little to persuade a candidate to accept an organization’s employment offer if baseline compensation is slightly below the candidate’s expectations. Incentives and other benefits are frequently given lesser importance by the candidates who want to join a new job. There are several reasons for this:- 1. Many of the employees do not give enough of importance to benefits and incentives that are not financial. They usually focus on improving their pay packages rather than their non-pay benefits. 2. Many candidates may not be sure whether they would be able to earn the incentives and other benefits provided. They would feel that such packages are merely eyewashes so that the job appears attractive and are able to take it up. 3. People often evaluate growth rate and the development rate in terms of monetary funds than by determining the incentives and other benefits. 4. Baseline pay is given greater importance to fairness by the employees than the incentives. 5. The external competitiveness is greater when the employees are being paid a higher baseline salary compared to incentives. 6. When the candidate comes for the interview for the job, he/she may consider to job duties to be tough. In such a circumstance, he/she would be considering earning the incentives very difficult, and hence would be looking at increasing their baseline salary. 7. People would more easily settle down for a job that offers more security (one that gives higher monetary funds) compared to those that are insecure and offer incentives. 8. Some employees may consider incentives as a form of encouragement for doing extra work. Many employees may even feel that incentives may prompt them to work beyond working areas, which may be not liked. References: Frederiskon, L. W. (1983). â€Å"Contents. † Journal of Organizational Behavior Management. http://www. haworthpress. com/store/Toc_views. asp? TOCName=J075v05n01_TOCdesc=Volume%3A%205%20Issue%3A%201 HRMC (2007). Baseline Pay, Retrieved on June 12, 2007, from My Own Private Radio Web site: http://www. citehr. com/baseline-pay-vt1462. html My Own Private Radio (2006). On employee compensation – note #3, Democracy in Action, Retrieved on June 12, 2007, from My Own Private Radio Web site: http://myownpirateradio. com/2006/02/13/on-employee-compensation-%E2%80%93-note-3-democracy-in-action/

Graduation Speech -- Graduation Speech, Commencement Address

"Some people come into our lives and quietly go. Some stay for a while And leave footprints on our hearts And we are never the same again." As I prepared this speech, this quote came to mind as I realized how many of you have left footprints on my heart over the past four years. I have may wonderful memories that I will cherish forever. I remember embarrassing moments when a teacher misunderstood what I said, and then my classmates teased me mercilessly. I remember a time in math class when a student fell asleep and was tied to his chair and chalk dust was thrown all over him. I remember teepee wars and dissecting old smelly eyeballs and cute little minks in biology, staying up all night to finish thesis papers, and taking endless flashcard quizzes. I remember when I was in the hospital my friends visited me and cheered me up. I remember crying together when a coach and two of our peers passed away. We have definitely been through a lot together. But tonight is not only a celebration of the end of high school, it is a celebration of the beginning of our future. Today is the first day of the rest of our lives. Yesterday is not ours to recover, but tomorrow is ours to win or lose. We, the Class of 2006, have chosen "Change The World" as our graduation theme. I think this is the perfect choice for our class, because we will do just that. Our class is very special. We have been leaders in every aspect of our school. Among us are talented athletes, musicians, scholars, artists, actors and actresses. We are skilled in business, family science, agriculture, horticulture, foreign languages, computers, technology, and many other areas. None of us, of course, are good at all of these things, but we are all good at something. Ma... ...odness I'm not a clam or a ham Or a dusty old jar of gooseberry jam! I am what I am! What a great thing to be! If I say so myself Happy every day to me!" We are each unique and have different goals and aspirations. But whether we become a social worker, doctor, auto mechanic, or a politician, we can influence the lives of others in a positive way. Each small thing we do, even just a simple smile or pat on the back, can make a difference to one person. And when we do this daily at school or work or in our family, we are slowly changing our homes, neighborhoods and communities. In the year 2007, at our ten-year reunion, I would like each of us to be able to share how we have left our footprints on the hearts of those around us, and thereby made a difference in our community. We will be able to see how the Class of 2006 has united to change the world.

North Korea Famine Essay -- North Korean Famine World Essays

North Korea Famine Abstract Famine is the one of the biggest problems in the world. More than 800 million people are suffering from hunger. The people of North Korea suffer from hunger on the level of the notorious Somalia, Sudan, and Ethiopia famines. They just suffer in silence behind the world media. There are several facts about the North Korea famine. One of the main factors for the North Korea famine is political problems: The North Korean government ignores s people’s everyday lives and only does things for preparing war. Moreover, the North Korean government, North Korea dose not like allow relief agencies to personally deliver the grain to those who need it most, causes some general problems for getting contribution from other countries. My research paper reports fact about the North Korean famine. For example, how serious the North Korea famine is, what problems North Korea have. This paper suggests before considering a lot of problems; everybody in the world should help North Korea hungry peop le for economical, political, and national reasons. There are a lot of innocent people, especially children. Introduction Famine is the one of the biggest problems in the world. A lot of children die from hunger. What is famine? The problem of famine is manifold. Famine is not only a condition of a lack of food but of inadequate planning, inadequate notification, slow responds, government pride, misdirected aid, politics, ignorance, and incompetence. North Korea is a current example of all of these facts. In North Korea, many people are suffering in silence without attention of the world’s media. The tragic Ethiopian famine of 198... ...e.abcnews.go.com/sections/world/koreafood108/index.html (Mar1999). 2. The campaign to stop Famine in North Korea. "Things Korea" Auguest 1997. http://soback.koornet.nm.kr/~pixeline/heeyun/korea/factsht.htr (February 12 1999). 3. Agency France-Presse (AFP). "Starving Nkorean Children Filmed Searching Rubbish for Food" 21 Dec 1998. http://www.reliefweb.int ( April 10 1999). 4. Relief Web "World Food Program" 31 May 1996. http://www.reliefweb.int ( April 21 1999). 5. Mennonite Central "Famine in North Korea" 1997. http://www.reliefweb.int (February 5 1999). 6. The Brawn Daily Herald, Inc "Silent Disaster" 1997. http://www.pbs.org/newsshour/forum/august97/korea4.htm (2 April 1999). 7. Online Newshow "The North Korea Famine" August 26 1998. http://www.pbs.org/newshour/forum/august97/korea4.htm (6 February 1999)

Whose Fault Is It Anyway?

Whose responsibility is it to ensure the obesity epidemic is reversed? Schools, Parents, Government, Community and/or the media. What can be done? Discuss using examples from the article and any other information you can bring to the discussion. Everyone should play a major part in ensuring the obesity epidemic is reversed. Parents play the most vital role in this. As a parent it is your job to make sure to bring up your children correctly this doesn’t mean just giving them an academic education it involves making sure they are healthy, getting regular exercise and have an understanding of nutrition.Parents are the key to start the ball rolling in maintaining healthy dietary habits for their children, if this isn’t done correctly by the parents their children will most probably end up being overweight as teenagers, ‘long term consequence of childhood obesity is its persistence into adulthood, Once a child is overweight or obese it is unlikely that they will sponta neously revert to a healthy weight, predisposing them to the health concerns’(World Health Organization 2000, Obesity: Preventing and Managing the Global Epidemic, WHO Technical Report Series 894).Parents need to understand that they are the role models for their children; if they do not eat correctly and do not exercise their children are most likely to follow in their footsteps. A survey done in 2007-2008 on the obesity epidemic in Australia the results were that in ‘2007-08, 61. 4% of the Australian adult population were either overweight or obese, and 24. 9% of children aged between 5-17 were overweight or obese’ (Australian Bureau of Statistics 2008, National Health Survey 2007-08, Cat 4364. ). Kids need to have a more active lifestyle, the issue is now days kids entertain themselves with technology such as computers, television and the Xbox. Parents need to spend time encouraging their children to be more physically active, by doing this they also need to b ecome more physically active. Simple things such as taking their children for a bike ride, taking them to the park, playing a game of sport with them.They need to put more focus on encouraging their children to be outdoors. Every little bit of physical activity will make a difference to the child’s wellbeing. Schools, The Government, The Community and the media can all make a difference in making sure the obesity epidemic is reversed. Schools can make sure their students get a minimum of 30 minutes daily exercise, they can help educate the children on nutrition and correct dietary habits and can provide healthy ptions in their canteens, ‘Only a quarter of Australian high school students eat the recommended four or more vegetables a day’ (Canberra times article- Battle of the bulge, Peter Jean). Media at the moment shows fast-food advertisements at least 4 times during an add brake. Children who are sitting on a couch watching TV are being brain washed by fast-foo d commercials, there for only wanting to eat fast-food such as MacDonald’s. The Government can control the media and controls the schools. They can make changes to the schooling curriculum to add more daily exercise.They can put a stop to the excessive fast-food advertisements that fly across our TV screens. As a community we all play a vital role in making sure children are healthy, this involves weekend sports, and community run sporting activities for young children and even adults. But this will change nothing in reversing the obesity epidemic if parents don’t start to take responsibility for their children and start by giving them the correct dietary needs and regular fitness to kick start their healthy life style.

Prop 8 Elephant in the room Essay

Prop 8 Elephant in the room Essay Prop 8: Elephant in the room Essay In response to the popular slogan: â€Å"Say â€Å"NO† to Prop Hate,† and one random commenter that I’m betting sounds familiar: â€Å"Do any of you who HATE gays, and yes, that’s the correct word, realize that gay marriage has been legal in CA for 4 months and has the world ended? Have all these horrible things happened? Has marriage been destroyed†¦ oh, no, it hasn’t. Weird, right? Get yourselves educated. We need to stop spreading the ignorance. Equality for all! And realize there are gay Christian people." There are plenty of people in my life who know I love them (well at least they know I don’t hate them,) but also know that I disagree with the choices they are making. They know where I stand because of my religious affiliations. I think the reason these people include me in their lives is because they know I can differentiate between them and those actions I don’t approve of. I love it that these people don’t rely on my approval of their every deed as basis for our friendship. (And vice versa.) I've noticed a commonality- maybe those associated with AA could define it better: people who choose to act on inappropriate feelings (addicts, sociopaths- people who can choose their actions vs. people with ticks†¦) have not only an interesting rationalization for their behavior, they also have the manipulative tactic of implying that, to the ignorant onlooker, there is no difference between actions and the people making the actions. I'll illustrate. A kleptomaniac steals something. I think that’s bad. But they have convinced themselves, and many others, that the very desire they have to steal is evidence of it’s validity as acceptable behavior. And to top it off, they twist my words, and call my disdain for their behavior, hatred for them. Here’s a point of disagreement between me and most people who have deviant sexual habits. A person who feels the need to steal, was born with that desire, and is only happy when stealing, can’t get away with it. Society won’t let them. Not only that, but most feel the need to change their behavior to be acceptable to the majority of society and to God. They don’t want to be defined as kleptomaniacs. The only difference I see between people with destructive tendencies and people who call themselves gay, is that â€Å"gay people† have numbed their consciences, and the conscienses of many others, to the point that many no longer feel the need to change their behavior to be acceptable to the majority of society and to God. Some have even convinced themselves that because they have these evil tendencies, God must have made them that way and wants them to act on those tendencies. God didn’t create a â€Å"gay person† any more than he created a â€Å"kleptomaniac.† I've heard the argument that without sex with someone of the same gender, a gay person can’t experience love in their lives. Maybe sex isn’t what love is all about. Maybe denying evil tendencies (who doesn’t have them) is what life is about. I've heard stories of wonderful people who took their own lives because they couldn't live with their burdens. What have we been taught about burdens? What have we been taught about enduring to the end? When have we been taught to pray for God to take away these burdens fully expecting Him to grant our wish? Whatever happend to Thy will be done? If living with these particular tendencies is your lot in life- embrace them as your trials, and use them to make you stronger- like any of the carnal desires all of us have! Enough playing the victim card. So you are embarrassed. So you wish you were like everyone else. We are ALL embarrassed by our various less-than-righteous inclinations. We ALL have the tendency to look around and think everyone else has it easier. We also know Who has felt every last bit of pain and suffering we have felt, and have, every last one of us, been given the promise that we can feel joy by coming unto Him. I’m going to be honest. I loved a guy who had no instincts to kiss me, and

E.B. White on Writing

E.B. White on Writing Meet essayist E.B. White- and consider the advice he has to offer on writing and the writing process. Andy, as he was known to friends and family, spent the last 50 years of his life in an old white farmhouse overlooking the sea in North Brooklin, Maine. Thats where he wrote most of his best-known essays, three childrens books, and a best-selling style guide. Introduction to E.B. White A generation has grown up since E.B. White died in that farmhouse in 1985, and yet his sly, self-deprecating voice speaks more forcefully than ever. In recent years, Stuart Little has been turned into a franchise by Sony Pictures, and in 2006 a second film adaptation of Charlottes Web was released. More significantly, Whites novel about some pig and a spider who was a true friend and a good writer has sold more than 50 million copies over the past half-century. Yet unlike the authors of most childrens books, E.B. White is not a writer to be discarded once we slip out of childhood. The best of his casually eloquent essays- which first appeared in Harpers, The New Yorker, and The Atlantic in the 1930s, 40s, and 50s- have been reprinted in Essays of E.B. White (Harper Perennial, 1999). In Death of a Pig, for instance, we can enjoy the adult version of the tale that was eventually shaped into Charlottes Web. In Once More to the Lake, White transformed the hoariest of essay topics- How I Spent My Summer Vacation- into a startling meditation on mortality.   For readers with ambitions to improve their own writing, White provided The Elements of Style (Penguin, 2005)- a lively revision of the modest guide first composed in 1918 by Cornell University professor William Strunk, Jr. It appears in our short list of essential Reference Works for Writers. White was awarded the Gold Medal for Essays and Criticism of the American Academy of Arts and Letters, the Laura Ingalls Wilder Award, the National Medal for Literature, and the Presidential Medal of Freedom. In 1973 he was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Letters. E.B. Whites Advice to a Young Writer What do you do when youre 17 years old, baffled by life, and certain only of your dream to become a professional writer? If you had been Miss R 35 years ago, you would have composed a letter to your favorite author, seeking his advice. And 35 years ago, you would have received this reply from E. B. White: Dear Miss R:At seventeen, the future is apt to seem formidable, even depressing. You should see the pages of my journal circa 1916.You asked me about writing- how I did it. There is no trick to it. If you like to write and want to write, you write, no matter where you are or what else you are doing or whether anyone pays any heed. I must have written half a million words (mostly in my journal) before I had anything published, save for a couple of short items in St. Nicholas. If you want to write about feelings, about the end of summer, about growing, write about it. A great deal of writing is not plotted- most of my essays have no plot structure, they are a ramble in the woods, or a ramble in the basement of my mind. You ask, Who cares? Everybody cares. You say, Its been written before. Everything has been written before. I went to college but not direct from high school; there was an interval of six or eight months. Sometimes it works out well to take a short vacation from the academic world- I have a grandson who took a year off and got a job in Aspen, Colorado. After a year of skiing and working, he is now settled into Colby College as a freshman. But I cant advise you, or wont advise you, on any such decision. If you have a counselor at school, Id seek the counselors advice. In college (Cornell), I got on the daily newspaper and ended up as editor of it. It enabled me to do a lot of writing and gave me a good journalistic experience. You are right that a persons real duty in life is to save his dream, but dont worry about it and dont let them scare you. Henry Thoreau, who wrote Walden, said, I learned this at least by my experiment: that if one advances confidently in the direction of his dreams, and endeavors to live the life which he has imagined, he will meet with a success unexpected in common hours. The sentence, after more than a hundred years, is still alive. So, advance confidently. And when you write something, send it (neatly typed) to a magazine or a publishing house. Not all magazines read unsolicited contributions, but some do. The New Yorker is always looking for new talent. Write a short piece for them, send it to The Editor. Thats what I did forty-some years ago. Good luck.Sincerely,E. B. White Whether youre a young writer like Miss R or an older one, Whites counsel still holds. Advance confidently, and good luck. E.B. White on a Writers Responsibility In an interview for The Paris Review in 1969, White was asked to express his views about the writers commitment to politics, international affairs. His response: A writer should concern himself with whatever absorbs his fancy, stirs his heart, and unlimbers his typewriter. I feel no obligation to deal with politics. I do feel a responsibility to society because of going into print: a writer has the duty to be good, not lousy; true, not false; lively, not dull; accurate, not full of error. He should tend to lift people up, not lower them down. Writers do not merely reflect and interpret life, they inform and shape life. E.B. White on Writing for the Average Reader In an essay titled Calculating Machine, White wrote disparagingly about the Reading-Ease Calculator, a device that presumed to measure the readability of an individuals writing style. There is, of course, no such thing as reading ease of written matter. There is the ease with which matter can be read, but that is a condition of the reader, not of the matter. There is no average reader, and to reach down toward this mythical character is to deny that each of us is on the way up, is ascending. It is my belief that no writer can improve his work until he discards the dulcet notion that the reader is feebleminded, for writing is an act of faith, not of grammar. Ascent is at the heart of the matter. A country whose writers are following the calculating machine downstairs is not ascending- if you will pardon the expression- and a writer who questions the capacity of the person at the other end of the line is not a writer at all, merely a schemer. The movies long ago decided that a wider communication could be achieved by a deliberate descent to a lower level, and they walked proudly down until they reached the cellar. Now they are groping for the light switch, hoping to find the way out. E.B. White on Writing With Style In the final chapter of The Elements of Style (Allyn Bacon, 1999), White presented 21 suggestions and cautionary hints to help writers develop an effective style. He prefaced those hints with this warning: Young writers often suppose that style is a garnish for the meat of prose, a sauce by which a dull dish is made palatable. Style has no such separate entity; is nondetachable, unfilterable. The beginner should approach style warily, realizing that it is himself he is approaching, no other; and he should begin by turning resolutely away from all devices that are popularly believed to indicate style- all mannerisms, tricks, adornments. The approach to style is by way of plainness, simplicity, orderliness, sincerity. Writing is, for most, laborious and slow. The mind travels faster than the pen; consequently, writing becomes a question of learning to make occasional wing shots, bringing down the bird of thought as it flashes by. A writer is a gunner, sometimes waiting in his blind for something to come in, sometimes roaming the countryside hoping to scare something up. Like other gunners, he must cultivate patience; he may have to work many covers to bring down one partridge. Youll notice that while advocating a plain and simple style, White conveyed his thoughts through artful metaphors. E.B. White on Grammar Despite the prescriptive tone of The Elements of Style, Whites own applications of grammar and syntax were primarily intuitive, as he once explained in The New Yorker: Usage seems to us peculiarly a matter of ear. Everyone has his own prejudices, his own set of rules, his own list of horribles. The English language is always sticking a foot out to trip a man. Every week we get thrown, writing merrily along. English usage is sometimes more than mere taste, judgment, and education- sometimes its sheer luck, like getting across a street. E.B. White on Not Writing In a book review titled Writers at Work, White described his own writing habits- or rather, his habit of putting off writing. The thought of writing hangs over our mind like an ugly cloud, making us apprehensive and depressed, as before a summer storm, so that we begin the day by subsiding after breakfast, or by going away, often to seedy and inconclusive destinations: the nearest zoo, or a branch post office to buy a few stamped envelopes. Our professional life has been a long shameless exercise in avoidance. Our home is designed for the maximum of interruption, our office is the place where we never are. Yet the record is there. Not even lying down and closing the blinds stops us from writing; not even our family, and our preoccupation with same, stops us.

Hitler Essay

Hitler Essay Hitler Essay Adolf Hitler: How Did he Convince the Nation? Submitted to: Mr. Byrne Submitted by: Lauren Rowbottom Grade 10 History St. Martins Secondary School Monday, June 2nd, 2014 Six million innocent people. The official number of the Holocaust. The systematic extermination of six million lives, all vanished with the crack of a gun, the shriek of a gas canister, or the grumbling sounds of stomachs everywhere. Each day the history of the holocaust is heard, and each day people have to live with whatever way the Holocaust has affected them. Six million stories interrupted by unimaginable horror, and six million names that have wandered off into smoke. The Holocaust is always thought of in terms of jaw dropping horror of a great amount of quanity. While statistics are vital to understanding what really occurred between the years of nineteen thirty-nine to nineteen forty-five, there is only one man who truly knew what was occurring. This man was named Adolf Hitler the leader of the Nazi regime, and what humanity sees’ to this day as a brutal and insane man. The mass murder, presently known as the Holocaust was controlled by a German dictator, Adolf Hitler. There has been focus of many debates and arguments due to the brutality of this unpredictable man. It is accurate to say that Hitler is one of the most controversial leaders ever to walk the Earth. It is hard to comprehend by many individuals, on how such a normal looking human being could have had such a cruel mind but yet be such a powerful leader of a now dominate country. Yet again do we as a society have the full knowledge on what is considered ‘normal’? Hitler's rise to power was not through that of brutal scenarios, but his ideas of a better, superior Germany intrigued many individuals. One of the many lines Hitler spoke by to himself that again brought people into big belief that he was their savior, and that he should too come into power was to: â€Å"Make the lie big, make it simple, keep saying it, and eventually they will believe it.†(Adolf Hitler; lifestyle) How did Hitler convince all these people that his out of the ordinary beliefs and thoughts were to be considered appropriate, for the matter of the country’s sake? Germany without a doubt had its hard times due to the Treaty of Versailles, yet how did he make it seem sensual to kill a large mass of innocent people. Truthfully Hitler was an inspirational speaker to Germany and was intelligent on persuading people to his promises, he promised them relief, promised the unemployed jobs and overall ‘hope’. Hitler began to appeal to many Germans emotions of hope to rebuild their considerable country they once had. Once the society heard what they wanted to, they blocked off the chaos that began to fill their country. Hitler made himself seem passionate, which was also one of the more intelligent ideas he had, saying that: â€Å"The doom of a nation can be averted only by a storm of flowing passion, but only those who are passionate themselves can arouse passion in others.†(Adolf Hitler; lifestyle) From this the people felt as if Adolf Hitler understood their personal needs, and therefore pledged their confidence in him to run the country. Hitler had a very specific structure of luring the people, which he used for all of his speeches in order to capitalize on the susceptibility of the crowd. The very first thing he would do was to point out the commonality of the people gathered in the crowd, so that he could instantly equalize the group. The next step would be to identify a threat towards the nation, to put the crowd on edge, and stir up the emotions of anger and overall fear. The

See instructions Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

See instructions - Personal Statement Example This mutiny has led to a permanent dissolution of civil wars at least in Angola and Sudan. The Democratic Republic of Congo is experiencing conflict in terms of distribution of wealth which directly goes to those who are more powerful. The unemployed local miners swear to join militias for a living. Bloodshed will continue if the economy of the countries is not sustained. The collapsing economy is the pivotal point in the course of history which leads to an uprising. What is most concerning and at the same time interesting to observe in the article is the analysis made by the author about how the uprising had stirred up a large number of protest movements where the sub-Saharan rulers might have felt threatened to be dethroned. Africa is experiencing a rare moment according to the author quite agreeably that the country is high on prices of food and less in terms of employability. All the benefits from the resources sold go to those in power and this is not at all justified. One considers asking the author as to why he believes that this uprising in North Africa will not allow the past larger-scale conflicts to never return? He does back this with the evidence that the civil wars are ending but it remains questionable. There is no doubt that the north is much more promising as the sub-Saharan Africa. No protest can alter this fact. For the foreign investors, places like Ghana and South Africa have more in store because they have remained comparatively stable in terms of politics and leadership. Overall, the article is a good read since it opens up to the recent and future possibilities of trade in Africa. Agriculturalists and economist must definitely read and criticize it for broader perspectives since this will not only help them gain insight but also allow journalists to pick from their point onward to build on their hypothesis. There is always a better way to look at the political situation. Oliver August has done

A Financial Plan for Your Small Business Research Paper

A Financial Plan for Your Small Business - Research Paper Example This will capture audience attention because instead of them looking at the dust on the walls or floors, their attention will be captured in the areas where dirt is removed. In addition, the use of graffiti will be cost effective for the business as designing them are slightly cheaper compared to other advertising sources. Secondly, the business will also incorporate the use of stickers as a marketing strategy to attract the attention of audiences to visit the restaurant and order for a taste of their custom meal. The stickers will be positioned in open areas like walls, poles, and billboards to easily attract the attention of prospective customers. The stickers will be used for various purposes by the business with an intent of attracting the audiences and they will include marketing the brand image for the store. Secondly, the stickers will be used to avail information about the place, location, and products being offered by the business. Lastly, stickers will be used to increase sales in a business as they will create an interest among the audiences, hence eliciting a response from their side which may result in the purchase of the products being offered by the business. Lastly, the business may incorporate publicity stunts by sponsoring said or known artist with different talents to perform major stunts which have the ability to attract customers attention with a view of making them visit the restaurant. An example is that the business will look for famous individuals look alike of dynamo the greatest magician to perform an eye-catching stunt like swallowing fire or eating metal at the entrance of the business. While doing this he or she after completing the task my advice the audiences to visit the location more if they wish to see other stances he did not perform that particular day.  

Eyck, Jan van The Arnolfini Portrait 1434; oil on oak Essay

Eyck, Jan van The Arnolfini Portrait 1434; oil on oak - Essay Example For such a function, an aim is essential, and thus agency – the artist and this has been richly applied in the artwork as it will be seen in the subsequent discussions. The formalist theory of art states that one is supposed to focus only on the formal properties of art--the "form" not the "content". Those formal properties may take account of, the visual arts, color, form, and line, and, for the musical arts, beat and synchronization. Artist who use this theory in their artwork do not deny that works of art might have content, representation, or narrative-rather, they refute that those things are appropriate in one’s ability to be thankful for or be aware of art (Frank, Patrick, and Preble, 5). Finally, Preble’s discussed the historical theories of art which asserts that for something to be art, it must bear some relationship to existing works of art. The accurate extension of ‘art’ at time t (the present) take account of all the works at time t-1 and in addition any works produced in the gone time. In order for these extra works to be ‘art’ they must put up with a likeness or relation to those formerly recognized artworks. Such a description appear to beg the question of where this hereditary status came from, and that is why historical descriptions of art are obliged to also take account of a disjunctive for first art: Something is art if it contains a historical relation to earlier artworks or it is first art. The Arnolfini Portrait is a painting made on oak panel using oil and its history is though to be in the year 1434 by the Early Netherlands painter Jan van Eyck. People have coined their own different words to identify and name the paining. It has been called The Arnolfini Wedding, or Marriage or the Portrait of Giovanni Arnolfini and his Wife, along with other titles. The size of the painting is approximated to be a little full-length double portrait. History has it

Undertake An Analysis Of The Strategic Position Of Tesco In The UK Assignment

Undertake An Analysis Of The Strategic Position Of Tesco In The UK Using Concept & Tools Of External And Internal Strategic Analysis - Assignment Example Undertake An Analysis Of The Strategic Position Of Tesco In The UK Using Concept & Tools Of External And Internal Strategic Analysis. Additionally, Tesco provides both online and offline financial services with a personal touch. The total revenue received by Tesco PLC as on February 2004 added up to ?33,557 million translating in a rise of approximately 18.7 % from the preceding year’s revenues that ranked ?28, 28 million (Humby et al, 2008). 1) Analyze its task environment Using PESTEL to categorize key issues which management need to respond to, focus on 6 CURRENT issues using evidence to substantiate them, for example: current Horse meat issue   Tesco operates in a globalised environment with stores worldwide, including six European countries. These include the Ireland Republic, Czech Republic, Hungary, Turkey, Slovakia and Poland. The Asian stores are located in South Korean Thailand, Malaysia, Japan, and Taiwan. However, Tesco’s performance relies heavily on the mother country’s political and legislative structure (Henry, 2008). Legislation requires the government to supply the populatio n with a wide range of job opportunities, including the extremely skilled, high paid and centrally located chances. The population demands students, senior citizens and working parents to be considered in terms of job availability for varied groups of individuals. Tesco comes in play as a challenge to local businesses, which include the cutting of costs and declaring the company’s products obsolete. This results in driving the companies out of the market completely (Nathan Rao Consumer Affairs, 2013). Tesco tries to work against the problems named by providing a labor market to diverse employees including students, disabled and the elderly in the society with relatively lower pay rates. Therefore, the employees depict a significant level of loyalty to organizations with the increased level of staff turnover currently in the community (Ringland, 2006). Economic factors Tesco takes matters relating to economic factors with a considerable level of seriousness as the factors dire ctly affect the demands, costs, prices, and the profit levels of the organization in place. The high unemployment levels in an economy results into decreased levels of effective demands for varied goods. The production level of goods lowers with a decreased profit levels, which, adversely reduces and affects the profit levels. In as much as the operating company cannot control the factors, they adversely affect the performance, and marketing mix of Tesco. Despite the growth levels that are evident in the international markets, Tesco substantially relies on the UK market for its survival. Therefore, decreased demand of UK’s foodstuffs can expose the company’s market to face risks of making losses (Nathan Rao Consumer Affairs, 2013). The social and cultural factors The British customers tend to adopt bulk shopping from their previous one stop shopping criteria. The situation prompts Tesco into additional production of food pre-cuts in the country. The increased rate of t he â€Å"ageing population† and participation by women in the employment sectors result, in an increased demand for Tesco products and services. Additionally, Tesco tends to gear most of its focus on its own label of business blend, supply chains and various operational improvements with the capabilities of driving costs out of business. Consumers purchase

Need to justify investing in IT projects Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Need to justify investing in IT projects - Essay Example Project planning involves guiding the execution of the project. A lot of resources are required in project planning since plans have to be useful and realistic. This paper looks at the need to IT projects investment justification. Best practices in governance of IT do identify efficient and effective IT investment as well as portfolio decisions as a significant objective and do insist on definition of the formal investment criteria for instance, Pay-back period, Net Present Value and ROI. In order for an IT investment to be justified, it has then to be linked to the investment’s business benefits, whereby the benefits have to be qualified and some monetary values allocated to the outcomes. One of the main reasons as to why IT projects have to be justified is that it involves a major capital investment. According to Computer Economics Incorporation, in certain industries, more than half of all expenditure is accounted for IT. This means that if executives of information systems need new systems to gain approval, then it is good for them to understand how the executive management expects justification of large capital expenditures (Computer Economics Inc., 2014). Despite the difficulties in the quantification of IT investments benefits, the senior executive are asking information system leaders tough questions with regard to the proposed IT investment project is going to improve the key business as well as financial metrics. Business benefits from IT projects happen to be indirect outcomes of interactions that are complex between business processes within which the technology is entrenched, and the technology itself. These benefits mostly include substantial intangible components. However, they take time to materialize because business processes and customer perception happen not to be instantaneous phenomena. A shortage of good processes for magnitude estimation as well as timing of business benefits that result from IT projects exists (ISACA, 2014).

Undertake An Analysis Of The Strategic Position Of Tesco In The UK Assignment

Undertake An Analysis Of The Strategic Position Of Tesco In The UK Using Concept & Tools Of External And Internal Strategic Analysis - Assignment Example Undertake An Analysis Of The Strategic Position Of Tesco In The UK Using Concept & Tools Of External And Internal Strategic Analysis. Additionally, Tesco provides both online and offline financial services with a personal touch. The total revenue received by Tesco PLC as on February 2004 added up to ?33,557 million translating in a rise of approximately 18.7 % from the preceding year’s revenues that ranked ?28, 28 million (Humby et al, 2008). 1) Analyze its task environment Using PESTEL to categorize key issues which management need to respond to, focus on 6 CURRENT issues using evidence to substantiate them, for example: current Horse meat issue   Tesco operates in a globalised environment with stores worldwide, including six European countries. These include the Ireland Republic, Czech Republic, Hungary, Turkey, Slovakia and Poland. The Asian stores are located in South Korean Thailand, Malaysia, Japan, and Taiwan. However, Tesco’s performance relies heavily on the mother country’s political and legislative structure (Henry, 2008). Legislation requires the government to supply the populatio n with a wide range of job opportunities, including the extremely skilled, high paid and centrally located chances. The population demands students, senior citizens and working parents to be considered in terms of job availability for varied groups of individuals. Tesco comes in play as a challenge to local businesses, which include the cutting of costs and declaring the company’s products obsolete. This results in driving the companies out of the market completely (Nathan Rao Consumer Affairs, 2013). Tesco tries to work against the problems named by providing a labor market to diverse employees including students, disabled and the elderly in the society with relatively lower pay rates. Therefore, the employees depict a significant level of loyalty to organizations with the increased level of staff turnover currently in the community (Ringland, 2006). Economic factors Tesco takes matters relating to economic factors with a considerable level of seriousness as the factors dire ctly affect the demands, costs, prices, and the profit levels of the organization in place. The high unemployment levels in an economy results into decreased levels of effective demands for varied goods. The production level of goods lowers with a decreased profit levels, which, adversely reduces and affects the profit levels. In as much as the operating company cannot control the factors, they adversely affect the performance, and marketing mix of Tesco. Despite the growth levels that are evident in the international markets, Tesco substantially relies on the UK market for its survival. Therefore, decreased demand of UK’s foodstuffs can expose the company’s market to face risks of making losses (Nathan Rao Consumer Affairs, 2013). The social and cultural factors The British customers tend to adopt bulk shopping from their previous one stop shopping criteria. The situation prompts Tesco into additional production of food pre-cuts in the country. The increased rate of t he â€Å"ageing population† and participation by women in the employment sectors result, in an increased demand for Tesco products and services. Additionally, Tesco tends to gear most of its focus on its own label of business blend, supply chains and various operational improvements with the capabilities of driving costs out of business. Consumers purchase

Summary Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Summary - Article Example This helps in demonstrating the speciousness of gun control policy in the reduction of the deaths resulting from homicides. While bearing in mind that the public is reluctant to give up their guns, Zimring proposes that stigmatizing guns is the only sure way of reducing the rate of possession of guns among the population. He suggests that this should entail the inclusion of the practice in the legislation. He associates the high rates of deaths resulting from homicides in America as related to the rampant use of guns for assaults. The article alludes that what matters in the successful application of the gun control policy is the consideration of who owns the guns, how these guns are used and the impact of the policy in relation to its implementation. Zimring’s makes reference on the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) statistics that indicates that guns are used in the 70% of the reported criminal killings. Additionally, other proponents of gun control policy such as Philli p Cook opine that the criminals determine the type of weapon they use. However, they discount the contribution of perpetrator factors in the enhancement of lethality in favor of the instrumentality effect. Fatality is viewed as an almost accidental outcome of a large number of assaults resulting from guns and knives. Zimring claims that in many cases, the perpetrator is also a victim of circumstance as well as the person he kills; just luckier because the gun was pointed in a different direction. It is obvious that some of the deaths that occur due to gun assaults cannot occur if less lethal weapons are used. The article stipulates that the perpetrators of assault are normally aware of their prior plans of inflicting lethal injuries on their victim. The author makes reference to the Behavior modification theory that suggests that the criminals transfer their intimidation levels to the guns they are carrying. The article disputes the idea that gun handlers are innocent people who pos sess the gun and respond whenever they are provoked. This is because most of these killers posses below-average cognitive ability, mental retardation, brain dysfunction or alcoholism (Stell 42). Professor Zimring opposes the use of gun in self defense, arguing that people who offer resistance when attacked are at a higher risk of getting hurt than those who submit. Additionally, his experiments proved that those who resisted attacks through the use of guns performed better than those than those that did not resist (Stell 44). This implies that legalizing the use of firearms for any reason enhances violence. The article recommends that the ethical complications occur when the proponents of gun control practices subscribe to certain practices that enhance violence. Such practices include the failure to recognize the right of the states for self defense, failure to provide minimal protection to the citizens, and the police department possesses the rights to prosecute and charge those p ossessing firearms for self preservation. ARTICLE 2 Congressional Digest. White House Plan to Reduce Gun Violence: Administration Proposals to Strengthen Firearm Laws and Protect Citizens. March 2013. Print. According to the article, tragic mass shootings have been witnessed in America despite the fact that most firearm holders are perceived to be

A Raisin in the Sun Essay Example for Free

A Raisin in the Sun Essay In the play A Raisin in the Sun by Lorraine Hansberry you go back in time to when segregation was still aloud. In this play you meet a cast of people with dreams of a better life. The American Dream, to be specific. This dream is portrayed differently for each character, all of which impact the play. Two of these character`s are Walter Lee Younger and Lena Younger. In Raisin in the Sun Mama and Walter’s American dreams conflict and impact the family through materialism and desire to be the ideal American family in society. Mama and Walter both desire to provide for their family. They both look at money as success. When the $10,000 insurance check comes along, Mama sees it as a chance for her family to finally live up and be more like the rest of the American society. She aspires to look after her family, by giving them a house, a car, and most of all- happiness. Walter on the other hand becomes obsessed with his dreams of business, which he believes will result in financial independence to provide for his family. He feels ashamed when he can’t give money to his son. When Travis asks for fifty cents and Ruth tells him they don’t have it, Walter gives him fifty cents anyway. â€Å"In fact, here’s another fifty cents†¦ Buy yourself some fruit today- or take a taxicab to school or something†(12) He yearns for his son Travis to look up to him. He adds another fifty to make this more real or true. This also shows how Walter looks at money as success. Walter believes this will be true if he has his dream of owning his own business or all in all- wealth. Success to both them means that they no longer have to struggle, and live up to what people perceive. Mama distinguishes herself from Walter when it comes to materialistic matters. The first thing mama does when she gets the insurance money is buy a house for her family. This shows how the capitalistic society is having a materialistic effect on Mama. Mama’s dream consists of a house and happy family. Mama’s plant is a perfect indication of her dream. It symbolizes her family in a way. When the family is down, the plant is down. Mama is constantly in protection of the plant, in hopes of holding on to her dream. Walter in comparison is always looking to be somebody and make it in life. Walter sees wealth as the only solution to this. He longs for financial support. He becomes corrupted by society -to find his identity through money. Walter tells his mother, I want so many things(60). This shows his greediness. All in all Mama and Walters dreams both involve money. Mama shows us her longing for the acceptance of society when she immediately buys a house in a white neighborhood, to provide for her family. Walter shows us his desperation to be a valuable human being when he steals money in hopes of starting his liquor business. Walter wants to be respected and live a happy lifestyle for this family. He longs to be the head of the household. Walter see’s himself with a liquor store as having power. It isn’t till the end until he rethinks the values of himself and his family’s future about how there is more to living than just having material riches. Mama only yearns for her family to be respected and live up to what society perceives. No matter what you perceive The American Dream to be, it is possible to attain it and be successful. The American Dream is whatever your dream of success perceives to be. Hansberry shows how hard it was for colored people to find their identities during segregated times. Walter and Mama learn that money doesn’t possess much when it comes by itself. In Raisin in the Sun Mama and Walter’s American dreams differentiate and impact the family through their wanting to be accepted in society and live in peace. Anyone in this country can undertake happiness and success if they work at it.

Beliefs About Good and Evil: Literature Review

Beliefs About Good and Evil: Literature Review Sohila Sandher Maggie Campbell, Johanna Ray Vollhardt, (15 Jul, 2013) Fighting the Good Fight: The Relationship Between Belief in Evil and Support for Violent Policies. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. Vol. 41. 250-267 Retrieved from: http://psp.sagepub.com/content/41/2/250.full.pdf+html Maggie Campbell and Johanna Ray Vollhartd attempt to address â€Å"which forms of collective action more effectively communicate the illegitimacy of the status quo and the efficacy of a group? What are the factors that shape support for different protest strategies?† The goal of their studie was to â€Å"explore the extent to which violent and non-violent tactics convey a heightened or mitigated sense of illegitimacy and act to build or undermine a sense of group efficacy in the movement.† They also worked to â€Å"consider relationships between the use of violent and non-violent tacts and endorsement of those tacts in future action.† They also explore the existence of amoderator of prcesses, specifically focusing on allegations of corruption against authority. Their study was based on Coal Seam Mining in Australia. The first experiment Campbell and Vollhardt conducted had three different parts. The first part was to test the hypothesis that non-violent protest is more supported than violent protest, and that conventional methods of protest receive less hostility from sympathizers. The second part of the experiment worked to consider how specific collective actions influence sympathizers perceptions of a situation in relation to Coal Seam Mining. The third part meant to connect illegitimacy and efficacy with endorsemet of future violent versus nonviolent actions via meditational analysis. The experiment was carried out on a sample size of 192 people who were recruited through a survey research firm that was looking for Queenslanders over the age of 18 years old. The reason they picked specifically from Queensland is because it is an area that is affected by mining and is witness to ongoing anti-mining protests. Out of the 192 people, 121 were female, 50 were male, and 20 opted not to specify. The average of of participants was 46.67 years and the average Queensland residency was 30.52 years. The experiment was a one-way design that compared the effects of the independent variables of violent protest, non-violent protest, and a no protest control condition on four dependent variables. The four dependent variables were: support for the protest, hostility toward the protestors, and endorsement of non-violent, and extreme methods. The mediator variables were the illegitimacy of the issue and group efficacy about resolving the Gas situation. The procedure included a questionnaire and reading of articles on protests, depending what group the subject was placed under. The results from experiment 1 show the possibility of protest violence being less supported than non-violent protest and that violence creates more hostility towards protestors involved. The experiment also showed that non-violence promotes future non-violence because it â€Å"effectively communicates the illegitimacy of the issue and bolsters the belief that action can be effective.† The experiment concludes that â€Å"adopting violence during a protest is, at best, a waste of time.† Experiment 2 measured the role of corruption in a government system or authority in moderating support for violent and non-violent protest. The experiment found that allegations of corruption have paradoxical effects on perceptions not only on specific events but also on broad social change. The end result of the study is that there is little support for strategic use for violence in protest, but that is important to remember the role of the media and that different political opponents might generate different sympathizing results. Maggie Campbell, Johanna Ray Vollhardt. Fighting the Good Fight The Relationship Between Belief in Evil and Support for Violent Policies. (15 July 2013) Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. Vol 40. 16-33 Retrieved: http://psp.sagepub.com/content/40/1/16.full.pdf+html In this article, Campbell and Vollhardt focus on the consequences of using the terms of good and evil to label people and groups and how labels effect the willingness to interact with a person or group in a violent or non-violent manner. The study â€Å"aims to examine the social psychological underpinning of beliefs in good and evil, and investigate mechanisms through which these beliefs legitimize violence against those viewed as evil adversaries.† They also acknowledge that there are different levels at which people acknowledge evil; that there is no â€Å"true evil† and â€Å"true good†. The research done by Campbell and Vollhardt suggests that the individual’s definition of good and even might predict negative intergroup attitude and support for violence towards perceived enemies. They worked towards developing measures that asses individual differences in believes about good in evil â€Å"reliably and separately, as a construct in it’s own ri ght.† They used four different studies to analyze how the labels of good and evil work. The goal of the first study was to provide an initial empirical investigation of beliefs regarding good and evil, and endorsement of redemptive violence. The expectation was that beliefs on good and evil and the support of redemptive violence would predict more support for violent intergroup outcomes as compared to support for nonviolent outcomes. Campbell and Vollhardt hypothesized that there would be â€Å"an indirect effect of belief in evil on intergroup policy preferences†. For this study they collected data from 349 participants living in the United States, the majority of which being European Americans. 41% of the group identified with a religious group, while 58% of the group had at least a 4-year college degree. The study was conducted online, with participants coming in from Facebook, Craigslist and, listservs. Good and evil, endorsement of redemptive violence, measures of support for violent vs. nonviolent policies, and control variables were all measured on a seven point scale. This measure ended up mainly catching a belief in evil. Study 2 was meant to strengthen the measures on belief in good. Study 2 was based on an exploratory question of whether the belief in good or if a belief in a dichotomy would present itself. The study was conducted much in the same manner as study 1. The conclusion was that belief in good predicted two nonviolent outcomes, and that participants who believed in good viewed themselves as part of the non violent categories they supported. Study 3A and 3B were conducted to test if a belief in evil predicts support for violent policies when effects of other cognitive processes are controlled and also established the social psychological constructs that predicted such attitudes. These studies were also conducted online. Studies 3A and 3B provide us with empirical evidence to the argument that belief in evil in conceptually different from previously studied constructs, and that it also has a predictive power that can help explain support for violent policies. This study showed the importance in looking at the beliefs in good and evil to understand attitudes towards violent or nonviolent policies in intergroup conflict. There is a promise of real world implication with this study. Thomas Talhem, Jonathan Haidt, Shigehiro Oishi, Xuemin Zhang, Felicity F. Miao, Shimin Chen. Liberals Think More Analytically (More â€Å"WEIRD†) Than Conservatives. (17 Nov 2014 ) Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. Vol 41. 250-267 Retrieved: http://psp.sagepub.com/content/41/2/250.full.pdf+html This study is designed to test whether liberals and conservatives legitimately think about the world as if they were form different cultures because of differences in the ways they process the same set of facts. They play with the idea of temporarily changing peoples cultural thought and thereby changing political opinions. They use the term WEIRD as a category. WEIRD stands for the portion of the population that is Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, and Democratic. The researchers of this study argue that the liberals that fall within WEIRD are a even more remote part of the population. WEIRD people are considered outliers because they score analytically on measures of thought and perception as compared to the rest who think ore holistically or intuitively. They present the hypothesis that liberals think more analytically because liberal culture is more individualistic, with priority for individual identity instead of group. The study uses four reports that tie the relationship of politics to holistic-analytic thought. The first study brings cultural thought measure into political psychology, the second distinguishes social and economic politics, the third measures thought style with cognitive tests instead of self-report scales, and the fourth tests whether thought type causes political opinions by briefly changing people’s thought styles and then measuring their political opinion. The samples were US college subjects that naturally control for age and education, large internet samples to cover diverse demographic groups and allow for control of more demographic variables, and a sample from China that has a different political climate as compared to the United States. The first study used a triad task, and a framed-line task. These tasks were administered to the group of college studies and measured on a scale from 1 to 7. They found that social liberals had a more ‘Western’, analytic, cognitive, and perceptual style than their conservative American classmates. The socially conservative students were more relational, cognitive, and perceptual. Their styles of thinking were more ‘East Asian’. The researchers claim that study 1 add to evidence that there are cultural differences in cognition between people in the same nation. The second study was similar to the first, but it was ran on a large Internet group instead of one university campus. It replaced the information from study1 because it was a larger sample size. Study three used date on cultural differences between students in Northern and Southern China. It was a replication of the findings in the first two studies. An important difference was that the relationship between social politics and thought was only found in more developed areas. It did find that this is not just an American phenomenon. Study four looked at if thought style causes people to be liberal or conservative. Study 4 provided the first evidence of cultural thought style causing attitudes toward political opinions that were presented in a long-form article. The different samples gives researchers some evidence that the relationship between politics and thought is not only of one particular culture. Running Out of Nurses: Nursing Shortages in the Middle East Running Out of Nurses: Nursing Shortages in the Middle East Introduction Nursing is a challenged and dynamic profession. Struggles and challenges have accompanied the development of nursing profession through the previous decades. Although nursing was started with unorganized and weakly defined beginning, our sisters and brothers didnà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢t stop until nursing become respectful and recognized profession. Now in the twenty-first century, the most challengeable problem is nursing shortage which is considered a public concern because of its massive effect on the quality of care and on patient health and safety. The first nurse Nightingales concept was cause no harm to patients. This was the foundation for the scope of practice for nurses. Any obstacles that may result in threaten patient safety should not be ignored. (Cherry Jacob, 2002). Nursing shortage is an issue where the required number of nurses is much more than the supply. Nursing shortage has been reported as crisis due to its seriousness. In the moment of speaking there are 200000 vacant nursing positions worldwide and it is predicted to increase to one million or even more by 2020. 85% of hospitals have expressed concerns about nursing shortage and half of them have difficulties retaining and recruiting nurses. Moreover, the turnover rate among nurses is continuously rising. Recently it has reached 40% in some hospitals nationwide (Albro, 2008). This assignment has been done as a requirement for contemporary nursing course; it will discuss the history, reasons and impact of nursing shortage. Explore the issue of recruiting foreign nurses and the issue of nursing shortage in the Middle East. History Experiencing shortage of nursing had started long time ago. Opening the first school in nursing in the US was the result of difficulty in finding adequate number and trained nurses to hand round in Civil war. After World War 2 the medical services that were provided had significantly changed resulting in huge increase in the number of hospitals and creating special care unit which generate the need for more nurses to serve. That time educational centres for nursing start to appear to educate and train nurses in order to overcome the shortage of nurses. Now the evidence shows that all countries worldwide suffer from nursing shortage and it is an international concern which needs to be highlighted and managed as soon as possible (Andrews Dziegielewski, 2005). Contributing Factors In 1980s it was easy to identify the reasons behind nursing shortage: increase the number of hospitals, length of hospital stay and aging population. Although these reasons are true, this is not the whole picture. It is more complex than that Age Nursing has experienced highest registering rate in 1960s-1970s. Because of new job opportunities opened in 1980s-1990s, smaller number of women registered. As a result of that, the average age of RN nowadays is 45 or more. Most of the middle aged nurses will reach retirement age between 2005-2010 (Abualrub, 2005). Nursing image Over the years nurses have developed concerns about their image in the society. Nursing has been differently described within the population as saints or sinner, admire or ignore, powerless or powerful. Can we say nursing shortage result from nursing image or nursing image result from nursing shortage? These two are highly related. Above that the education preparation for nurses differ 2 years associate degree, 3 years diploma and 4 years baccalaureate. These levels of education have made people not value nursing as a profession. Having a bachelor degree isnt necessary when you can be qualified to work after 3 or 2 years. This leads to discourage people to enter nursing and undervalue it (Daly, Speedy Jackson, 2003). Job satisfaction The reasons why nurses have the intention to leave nursing the career and why the turnover rate is increasing is mainly due to job dissatisfaction. Common reasons nationwide are over load, schedule changes, lack of appreciation and less family time. The nursing field doesnt offer the chance for frustrated nurses to speak out and this nourishes the dissatisfaction feeling. Lack of satisfaction makes nursing not an attractive profession for young people. More than 50% of working nurses will not advice their children or sisters to enter nursing (Diana, 2005). Faculty shortage Linda, Clarke Silber (2003) did a study that showed a strong relation between nursing education and patient mortality rate. Education plays a role in providing high quality care. 19% is the mortality rate in hospitals that have 60% of nurses with bachelor degree where it is higher in hospitals with only 20% nurses having bachelor. Lack of nursing faculty that provide proper education for the demand of bachelor graduating nurses directly affect the nursing shortage leading to directly affect patient safety. Nursing institutions witness an increase of registration, American Association of Colleges of nursing state that 13% increase of enrolment rate between 2004-2005. This increase needs an increase in nursing schools and clinical settings to educate these students. If there is not enough nursing faculty the condition will be worse. According to AACN 2005 nursing schools have rejected 41683 qualified applications. The main reason was having not enough nursing faculty, clinical areas and preceptors to educate this number of students (Allen, 2008). Implication of Shortage No doubt nursing shortage will have a negative impact on health care system. Nursing shortage forces hospitals to impose mandatory and unsafe overtime on nurses, increase responsibilities and workload and create floating nurse. All these contribute to job dissatisfaction and decrease quality care (Goodin, 2003). On patient Linda, Clarke Silber (2003) conducted study to show the relation between nurse work load and mortality rate. 50% of hospitals worldwide have 5:1 patient to nurse ratio. The study shows if the ratio is 6:1 or more, the risk for patient death will be 14%. If it is more than 8, the risk will be 31%. The number of medical errors is rising in a dangerous rate. One of the associated factors is nursing shortage. Study done by health resources and services shows a strong relation between number of staff and medication errors. These errors may have undesirable effect on patient health (Goodin, 2003) On nurses Not enough staff intensifies the level of stress of nurses. Overtimes, increase responsibilities and emotional stress promotes increase staff absenteeism, impair decision making ability and increase level of turnover. More than 75% of RNs believe that their job quality delivered to patient is strongly affected by the shortage. Three from four nurses feel is frustrating, discouraging and disappointment when you unable to provide proper nursing care, just because of there is not enough nurses in the floor. (Revira, 2009). Shortage remedy As a remedy for nursing shortage health care societies have started to hire foreign nurses. Phenomena of hiring foreign nurses has been introduced and practiced for almost 50 years (Leavitt, Mason chaffee, 2007). Recruiting foreign nurses is specifically problematic as a technique to resolve this shortage simply for two reasons. First, the shortage is global issue; means the country which sent her nurses abroad intensified the shortage within its health care system. Second, hiring foreign nurses cost much more than hiring home graduate. This related to the coast of recruiting and training them into the organization (Cherry Jacob, 2002). . Recruitment and retaining RNs Nursing associations are constantly working in order to recruit nurses as much as they can. Recruitment strategies should focus on attracting young nurses. Efforts should be maximized to spread the awareness among school aged students in order to make them consider nursing as a career or a profession (Yoho, Timpanaro Fowler, 2006).. Retention of professional nurses have helped the organization to overcome the shortage. To retain experienced nurses organizations should consider staff needs, In response to that, magnet hospitals were created. Hospitals which they focus in developing proper retention strategies, mainly by enhance nurses autonomy and support decision making ability. Magnet program aim to increase job satisfaction, decrease turnover and promote encouraging environment. Now magnet considered the most effective programme in US for retaining and recruiting nurses ( Valerie, Dreachslin, 2007) Nursing shortage in the Arab world The image of nursing as a profession in the Arab world is significantly improving. The status of nursing will be addressed from three dimensions: practice, education and image. Nursing education in the Arab world causes a lot of confusion due to the different educational levels. The minimum accepted educational degrees to enter the profession can be associated degree (2 years) or diploma degree (3 years) while in the US the bachelor is the minimum accepted degree. Moreover, some countries dont offer bachelor degree where other countries have recently started bachelor program like UAE. Arab world also tend to recruit foreign nurses especially gulf countries to overcome the shortage. Nursing image plays a big role in promoting the shortage in the Arab world. Most of the population doesnt prefer their sisters or daughters to choose nursing as a profession (Shukri, 2005). Conclusion Nursing shortage is an international problem which needs to be solved urgently. All the reasons and impacts of nursing shortage are now internationally known and it cant be ignored any more. There are many reasons that could lead to this problem, few of them were addressed: Age, nursing image, job satisfaction and faculty shortage. Leaders of nursing in practice and in academia should work to gather to develops plans enhance the growth of nursing staff. Impacts of nursing shortage cant be denied because it has a dangerous effect on patients health and on nurses. The practice of hiring foreign nurses doesnt help in solving nursing shortage. Recruiting and retaining strategies should be carefully studied in order to increase the number of working nurses. The shortage in the Arab world is a noticeable problem in which a lot of efforts need to be done in many areas to overcome this shortage.

Kmart and Sears Marketing :: Business Analysis

A focused cost leadership strategy would be appropriate, in other words, a attention to consumers. Cost focus is a strategy that will focus on a particular buyer groups or a geographic market and attempt to serve only that place, to the exclusion of others. When looking at cost factors, there are very few options available to K-Mart in developing a pricing strategy to compete with Target or Wal-Mart. Therefore, K-Mart would not have many price strategy options available. However by using a cost focus strategy, and matching the quality of well known brands but keeping cost low by eliminating advertising and promotional expenses will save K-Mart money. Should Kmart and Sears keep their own identities and have unique competitive strategies, or should they be combined in some way with a new overall corporate competitive strategy? Please defend your answer. The key issues for K-Mart strategies are finding the right cost level for an opportunity to be aggressive, and differentiating the product for consumer in terms of different consumer and different intangible product attributes. K-Mart and Sears should be combined with a new overall corporate competitive strategy using a cost focus. This may turn out to be the only sensible strategy, and the one which best describes the strategy adopted. Strategies of cost leadership and product differentiation are often described as if they were mutually exclusive you can either pursue one or the other, but not both. You can either minimize cost or you can aim for the highest quality of product and customize according to the requirements of the market place. Some products are by their nature standardized. However it is impossible to differentiate the product in the mind of consumer. This tends to put all the emphasis on cost and therefore on prices. There is no point in the consumer paying extra for the same products. However by K-mart and Sears should use strategies like changing the location of stores in a more appealing destination. Both would need development of new name brand products, ones that would be lower cost and a higher quality for customers. Question 2 Read the short Kmart case study on pages 161-162 carefully and answer the following questions: What business competitive strategies were used by each of Kmart’s major competitors? Wal-Mart follows a lower cost competitive strategy and cost leadership. For Wal-Mart, strategic thinking is the process of continuously redefining its objectives. Competitive advantage over its competitors both actual and potential and management of risk to levels regarded as acceptable by the corporation’s main stakeholders.

Purpose of Oral Hygiene in Conjunction with Chlorhexidine :: Nursing

Purpose of Oral Hygiene in Conjunction with Chlorhexidine Evidence- Based Practice Proposal The basis for the proposal is ventilator-associated pneumonia’s (VAP) occurrence can potentially be controlled by cautious consideration to the process of oral hygiene, where routine oral hygiene versus oral hygiene in conjunction with chlorhexidine (CHX) are examined to make sure the ideal outcomes for these patients occur. Background A ventilator- associated pneumonia (VAP) is a critical contamination preventable by a multitude of prevention strategies aimed at the care process. Pneumonia is an infectious disease of the organs of the lungs, with the ventilator as a device that facilitates patient respirations by providing oxygen through a tube. The tube can be located in a patient’s mouth, nose, or through a hole in the front of the neck, with the tube attached to the ventilator. Therefore, a VAP is pulmonary pathogenic infectivity that cultivates in a ventilator patient (CDC, 2010). Problem Statement A multitude of risk factors for VAP have been recognized with one of the risk factors as the colonization of the oral cavity by probable pathogens. After 2 days of entering the intensive care unit (ICU), seriously ill patient’s oral flora changes to mainly gram-negative inhabitants including more powerful organisms. Dental plaque offers an environment for microbes at fault for VAP, and probable pulmonary pathogens can colonize this plaque specifically of patients in the ICU (Munro et al., 2009). For the most part, there exist 2 approaches of intervention to eradicate the microbes on the dental plaque in critically ill patients: mechanical intervention and direct pharmacological. Even though mechanical elimination may be a successful approach for removal of oral pathogens, oral hygiene is deemed standard nursing care, often uncared for in critically ill patients or is performed by rapidly swabbing the patient’s oral cavity (Pedreira et al., 2009). Significance of Problem VAP is preventable with oral hygiene as one of the multitude of vital prevention strategies for VAP. VAP is significant because 15 % of all infectivity borne at the hospital and nearly 1/3 of all infectivity obtained in the ICU is VAP. Institutional fatality of VAP in ventilated patients is 46% measured up to 32% for ventilated patients who do not contract VAP. VAP extends ICU and hospital stay, totaling an extra $40,000 to the admission. VAP is the principal source of mortality of hospital associated infections (Pyrek, 2010). Target Population, Target Setting, Clinical Question, Objective The target population is the dependent adult oral care ventilator population susceptible to VAP.

Rebecca riots

They attacked the toll gates because they were tangible objects In which to release rustication. However many Rebecca Incidents were regarding dire poverty and general economic conditions in the countryside and not about tolls. The origin of the name Rebecca comes from a biblical quote, â€Å"And they blessed Rebecca and said to her thou art our sister, be thou mother of thousand of millions and let thy seed possess the gate of those which hate them. † (Genesis 24:60). The people saw this as a sign for action against the turnpike trusts.The other origin for Rebecca came from the accepted leader of the first protests Thomas Reese who wore women's clothing when leading the attacks to disguise himself. He was a large man and it's said he borrowed the clothes from a lady named Rebecca. The consequences of the auctions would be serious such as transportation, so the men knew they had to hide their Identity during the attacks. The turnpike trusts were created by private acts of of p arliament. Their purpose was to upgrade specific stretches of road and they were authorized to levy tolls in order to repay their subscribers.The toll gates were increasingly popular in England and Wales. Money was collected to maintain the roads but a number of trusts kept profits for themselves ; many trusts were inefficient and neglected roads. Turnpike trusts were a particular burden for the tenant farmers and the farm workers because of the high toll charges demanded from them when traveling to market. They were forced to pay more than once over a short distance where the roads of the entrusts interlinked. In Carpenter there were 1 1 different Turnpike Trusts operating around the town, there were several gates in Leaning and Swansea as well.Document 10 Is an extract form David Howell a Welsh academic historian from his book â€Å"The Rebecca Riots†. He makes an honest point that â€Å"there is no mistaking their tithing for the harshness of the toll-gate system†. The tenant farmers were oppressed by the English toll renters, the most reviled was Thomas Bulling. The side bars were simple toll gates on the B roads. The side bars were detested â€Å"they saw the farmers hand in his pocket constantly In the course of Just one short Journey and so constituted an ever-present Irritant†, these side bars would catch any traffic the fees of the illegally erected toll-gates.The fees would contribute to dire poverty because they had less money affecting their livelihoods, they would loose on their way to sell produce at market. Rebecca and her daughters took the law into their own hands and violently attacked the side bars leaving the â€Å"legal gates on the main roads intact†. The area had no policing or local government to stop the injustice of the turnpike trusts, this is the reason for the many protests on toll gates which were unguarded. â€Å"They say there is not a bye-lane of any sort by which a cart can get to the lime-kilns wh ich has not a bar or a chain across it.They say if ever there is a lane by which one or two farmers can get to their farms without paying toll, an application is immediately made to the trustees to grant a bar on the lane†. Document 3 by Thomas Campbell Foster, an executive Journalist from the Times newspaper was searching for the root causes of the Rebecca riots. This is a reliable source it confirms David Howell research on the turnpike trusts, that the â€Å"farmers loudly complain about the oppressive nature of tolls†.The turnpike trusts were dishonest they gained money from the toll gates but did not attend the roads,† they could continue to do this because Wales did not have a authorities who would oversee the injustice of the turnpike trust. This source highlights the oppression of the Turnpike Trusts who exacerbated the poverty. Document 2 from the Illustrated London news, the image shows men dressed as women with farming tools attacking toll gates which i s valid. However this source is primary evidence, which means it can be exaggerated, it shows false information.There are children present and some undisguised where they would usually have blackened faces and it's also taking place in daytime when it would be at night. The image further exaggerates the situation as it shows magistrates and gentlemen at the other side of the gates his may be because they were another grievance. Magistrates were a small elite group in society who charged any corrupt sentence they felt. Toll gates were attacked because they were tangible objects and nobody guarded them at night.This source highlights the attention the Rebecca riots brought. This publicity was from London it was an achievement as the government could hear of the riots and poor living conditions in Wales. Document 4 is an extremely a well informed source from the cartoon punch 1843. It's a very popular contemporary magazine known for its humorous portrayal of political issues. This imag e shows the attack of the toll gates, with farmers dressed in omen's clothes with blackened faces carrying the torches and sticks.The riot is taking place at night and engraved on the gate are several issues with caused the Rebecca riots. The grievances are church rate, tithes the poor law and it's union workhouses. On top of the gate are the faces of unpopular landlords or magistrates and on the building is the name â€Å"Robert Peel† a prime minister who introduced income taxes. Popular hatred† and this is a reason why the Rebecca riots looked like â€Å"no more than a violent outburst to the injustice of the turnpike system† but Union houses and almond weirs which distrusted fishing were also attacked.Overall farmers were oppressed by people who â€Å"collectively denied them Justice†. This source has the hindsight of the Rebecca riots it is an entry in the Welsh Academy Encyclopedia of WALES, published by the University of Wales in 2008. It will be a w ell researched source considerably valid used in higher education. Document 9 an extract from ‘Modern Wales 1950' a general academic book, with valid secondary information. David Williams is an historian with hindsight explains â€Å"the government was not content with mere repression.Largely because of the publicity even to the riots by The Times, three special commissioners were appointed in October 1843. † The times was read by the governing class and Journalist Thomas Campbell Foster captured the attention and importance of the Rebecca riots through his researched reports. The publicity caused the authorities to try relieve the grievances and they feared backlash if nothing was helped. â€Å"The commissioners analyses the general causes underlying the riots and in particular, exposed the abuses of the turnpike system. Commissioners were sent to analyses the problems but they did not look into underlying causes. A legal system was introduced because he government ha d previously neglected the area allowing the impressive turnpike trusts. David Williams in his book â€Å"The Rebecca Riots† 1955 described the riots as a gorilla warfare because of the disguised farmers who wore woman's clothes and blackened their faces before attacking the toll gates. David Williams an outstanding historian with a traditional and liberal point of view that argues the social structure is most important at a local level.The traditional â€Å"social ladder† was instrumental as a catalyst to the rioting. He believes the riots would have taken place even without the oppression of the absentee landlords. Religion was of crucial importance as the the tenant farmers were non-conformists and the local squires above them were believers of the Church of England. It was the non conformist preachers who spoke of social and economic conditions in their congregations. Their words were Justified in the bible read in the chapel, â€Å"let thy seed possess the gate o f those which hate them. It was the chapel goers who started this burning fire. The actions of landowners led to poverty. This source calls the landlords â€Å"unsympathetic, culturally alien†, this is because they no longer had paternal instinct to protect their tenants. They were absent landlords who moved because they were attracted to the political and social life in London separate from the tenant farmers. Rents were higher in Wales then the whole of England. The landlords weakened the Welsh economy spending their wealth outside Wales.Document 10 states that â€Å"Rebecca was concerned at the high rents paid by farmers to their landlords and it's likely that had the latter made timely reductions the riots would nor have occurred†. The everyday pressures on the farmers and struggle to cope financially in life were the main reasons for fury in the Replicates. Source ten states â€Å"landlords were retests were not enough and that's why Rebecca had to make a scene a nd use their traditional methods like Chiefly Preen to take their frustration out on landlords.David Howell book, â€Å"In land and people in 19th century Wales† in 1977, provides a detailed examination of the character of land holdings, regulations of ten year and farming techniques. Framing techniques were backward because the tenants were insecure on their land and didn't know if they would be evicted after a year. The book argues that the riots were orchestrated by non-conformist radicals against the local landlords and absent landlords who are higher in the social anarchy. David Howell implies that the situation is a type of class warfare where it's the peasant farmers in rivalry with landlords.His Marxist beliefs and critical of wanting a fair society, blames absentee landlords as well as local landlords for the breakdown in the paternal caring system which has been tradition for centuries in Wales. Absentee landlords increased local landlords rents who then further pas sed the burden onto the peasants. The Chiefly Preen (the wooden horse) tradition started before the sass's as protest due to the atrocious living conditions the people lived in. The roots of the Rebecca riots an be seen in Chiefly Preen where the people would use this as a way of frightening and humiliating someone who had offended the community's values.The men dressed as women and blackened their faces carrying a mock of the unpopular person without having to resort to seeking the help of the authorities. Source E is a poster issued payable LEWIS GROWER the local landowner following the attack on the salmon weir on the river TOEFL at Lechery in Garnisheed from Castle- Amalgam, 24th July 1843. The landowner presents a threatening notice â€Å"Being informed that the people, styling themselves Replicates, were assembled on Lechery Bridge, on Tuesday night, the 18th July, with the declared intention of destroying the SALMON WEIR†.Being a landowner with money he is unaware of h ow affected the farm laborers were by this restriction to their way of food. The Rebecca rioters attacked salmon wires because they belonged to the landowners and they were also tangible objects. â€Å"That upon the commission of any such aggression upon that, or any other part of my Property whatsoever, or upon the Property of any of my Neighbors in the District, I will immediately discharge every Day Laborer at present n my employment; and not restore one of them until the Aggressors shall have been apprehended and convicted. These people did not care about the underlying grievances of the people, Just saw it as them committing criminal acts. He was even willing to put his own laborers out of a Job to catch the people who attacked the salmon weir. There was no sympathy they only looked to protect themselves. There were big social divisions between the gentry and the small tenant farmers which contributed to the riots. Laborers who worked on the land. The gentry tended to belong t o the Church of England and spoke English.They often served as local magistrates or were Poor Law officials or belonged to Turnpike Trusts. They fixed the poor rate, the tolls and the tithes, they were unjust people. They had little in common with those who worked on the land and often made decisions that suited their own Document 7 is extremely useful primary evidence of Mary Thomas a tenant farmers wife to the Commission of Inquiry 1844. This lady represents the working people in West Wales at the time of the Rebecca riots. She explains that tithes were very high, â€Å"we paid E. 82 in January last†¦. N 1842 we paid E. 54 this is the receipt eleven years go we paid E. 50†. Mary Thomas was a respectable woman she was clever with financial matters keeping the receipts as evidence of the forever rising rents. The last time she had tithe to pay she could â€Å"only make up seven sovereigns which she could to squire Thomas agent but he refused to take them†¦ Till I c ould sell something. † There was no sympathy for the hard times, stock for tenant farmers was very low and they were struggling. â€Å"l have nursed 16 children and never owed a farthing that I did not pay in my life. This woman has budgeted her money all this time for her family to survive the hardships. Nor can I or the children go to church or chapel for the want of decent clothing†, she feels ashamed to even attend the chapel that she is paying such high tithes to because she is ashamed of the clothes her family have to wear. She is looking only for a â€Å"little relief† to cope with the financial pressures which caused increasing poverty. This woman would have been taken very seriously, she has genuine grievances presented to the gentlemen.Her evidence provided is reliable because she has receipts to back up her evidence. Religious factors also contributed to the hardships. Landlords were the members of he Anglican church and mostly spoke English, when eigh ty percent of the population of west Wales was Welsh speaking. The area of west Wales believed in non- conformity. Which was the refusal to accept or conform to the doctrines of the Church of England. Document 6 explains how â€Å"The tithes and church rates were still detested by the chapel members who had to make payments to the Church of England. This is because income of tenant farmers was further reduced because of the tithes they had to pay. Tithes were originally payments made for the support of the parish church, these payments were made in kind, for example crops or wool. Tithes were paid to the Anglican Church in almost all Welsh parishes once a year. In 1836, an Act was passed replacing payment in kind by a money payment that was fixed by the vicar or sometimes by the local landowner. They resented having to pay tithes to a church that was not their own.Another cause for discontent was the new Poor Law set up in England and Wales in 1834. Document C is from Neil Evans an honorary research fellow from the School of History and Archaeology in Cardiff University. This source is an historic news report on BBC website, it quotes†Under the new system, if you did not have enough money o support yourself you had to go into one of the new workhouses where conditions were to be worse than the worst paid laborer outside†. The rioters attacked workhouses as well as tollgates. The law meant that poor relief was no longer paid to the able-bodied poor.Instead, they were forced to live in a workhouse where conditions were deliberately made harsher than the worst conditions outside, this was called the workhouse test because the government believed that the cause of different parts of the workhouse. The poor were made to wear a uniform and the diet was monotonous. There were also strict rules and regulations to follow. Inmates, male and female, young and old were made to work hard, often doing unpleasant jobs such as picking oakum or breaking stones. Ch ildren could also find themselves hired out to work in factories or mines. In the past, they had often given food and goods to the poor but now they were expected to pay for building the hated workhouses. This meant paying rates and they had little spare cash†. The workhouses persecuted the poor, families were split up husbands separated from wives and their children. The farmers believed the system was cruel and expensive. This source has very useful information about the workhouse conditions. It is reliable because he is an academic historian and has valuable hindsight on the Rebecca riots. His research aims to inform and educate the public as it's in a BBC report.Abject poverty was the main grievance of the people of west Wales. It was distress and semi-starvation which led the country people to march under the banners of Rebecca. Source A explains â€Å"The attacks on the toll-gates were almost accidental. The main cause the mischief is beyond doubt the poverty of the far mers. † The people had become dissatisfied at every tax and burden they have been called upon to pay, it was too much pressure and it was impossible to cope. The tolls were undoubtedly an unjust imposition this was the breaking point â€Å"which has fanned this discontent into a flame†.Thomas Campbell Foster, a Journalist sent to report on the Rebecca riots, writing in an article in the London newspaper, The Times (26 June 1843) studied the livelihoods of the people and delivered honest feedback of their main reasons for the rioting which was more than the injustice of the turnpike system it was the deep rooted deprivation. â€Å"In the most miserable part of SST Giles (a slum area of London), in no part of England, did I ever witness such abject poverty. These are living conditions which Foster describes.Thomas Campbell foster empathetic with the people and contributed to the awareness of the Rebecca riots he was trusted by the people of West Wales and eventually help ed the government set up the Commission of inquiry into the dire poverty and agitation in West Wales. â€Å"Agricultural laborers arrive at starvation point rather than apply for poor relief, knowing that if they do so they will be dragged into the Union Workhouse, where they will be placed themselves in one yard, their wives in another, their male children in a third and their daughters in a fourth.Many people thought that the poor law was wrong as it humiliated and punished people who were poor through no fault of their own. People of the workhouse were not well fed Thomas Foster reports â€Å"The bread which I saw in a Workhouse is made entirely of barley and is nearly black. It has a gritty and rather sour taste. † The workhouses were like prisons for the poor. The historian, John Davies informs us in Document 1, that a rise in population, â€Å"Demographic factors were at the root of the crisis†. This led to competition for land and insecurity which ruthless land owners used to their advantage.Farmers constantly feared eviction if they were unable to pay rent. Most of the farmers in rented their land from wealthy landlords. The landlords were arrogant wanted to make more money and started to reduce the number of smallholdings available to rent they then created larger farms that could only be rented at a much higher price. Poor harvests in 1837 and 1838 increased shortages and poverty. There was a good harvest in 1842, but this did not benefit because that was a year of economic depression, so industrial workers could not afford to buy agricultural goods.Houses f the farm laborers were like mud hovels with no furniture they were cold and dire. Most had no beds Just loose straw and rags which was extremely unhealthy. The laborers had peat fires a cheap and poor coal that filled the home with smoke. Source B is by James Rogers of Carpenter, a corn merchant, giving evidence to the Commission of Inquiry into the causes of the Rebecca riots (1844 ). This is primary proof of the continuous hardships the people faced. † In the year 1840, which was a very wet summer, nearly all the farmers had to purchase corn, either for seed or bread.This distress has not been the result of one or two or three years, but a series of at least twenty. The value of the farmer's land and property has decreased in value while the rates, taxes, tithes and rent have been increased. This made the farmers very distressed. † To sum up, dire poverty had led to a serious situation in Wales. The attention of the authorities provided a compromise of a â€Å"moderate settlement of the worst abuses†. The government eventually suppressed the Rebecca riots, using troops and the full force of the law. Some rioters were caught and sentenced to transportation.Social notations gradually improved and the laws controlling turnpike trusts was amended eventually railway development eased the pressures of a growing population as farmers moved away in search of industrial employment. West Wales provided an easier market for produce and a safety valve for surplus population. People could move more easily to find work and this helped reduce pressure in rural areas for jobs. The ending of the Corn Laws in 1846, and attempts in 1847 to make the Poor Law more attractive also helped. â€Å"As a result Rebecca disappeared from view to become a proud memory of the Welsh heritage. † Hollies John Rebecca riots They attacked the toll gates because they were tangible objects In which to release rustication. However many Rebecca Incidents were regarding dire poverty and general economic conditions in the countryside and not about tolls. The origin of the name Rebecca comes from a biblical quote, â€Å"And they blessed Rebecca and said to her thou art our sister, be thou mother of thousand of millions and let thy seed possess the gate of those which hate them. † (Genesis 24:60). The people saw this as a sign for action against the turnpike trusts.The other origin for Rebecca came from the accepted leader of the first protests Thomas Reese who wore women's clothing when leading the attacks to disguise himself. He was a large man and it's said he borrowed the clothes from a lady named Rebecca. The consequences of the auctions would be serious such as transportation, so the men knew they had to hide their Identity during the attacks. The turnpike trusts were created by private acts of of p arliament. Their purpose was to upgrade specific stretches of road and they were authorized to levy tolls in order to repay their subscribers.The toll gates were increasingly popular in England and Wales. Money was collected to maintain the roads but a number of trusts kept profits for themselves ; many trusts were inefficient and neglected roads. Turnpike trusts were a particular burden for the tenant farmers and the farm workers because of the high toll charges demanded from them when traveling to market. They were forced to pay more than once over a short distance where the roads of the entrusts interlinked. In Carpenter there were 1 1 different Turnpike Trusts operating around the town, there were several gates in Leaning and Swansea as well.Document 10 Is an extract form David Howell a Welsh academic historian from his book â€Å"The Rebecca Riots†. He makes an honest point that â€Å"there is no mistaking their tithing for the harshness of the toll-gate system†. The tenant farmers were oppressed by the English toll renters, the most reviled was Thomas Bulling. The side bars were simple toll gates on the B roads. The side bars were detested â€Å"they saw the farmers hand in his pocket constantly In the course of Just one short Journey and so constituted an ever-present Irritant†, these side bars would catch any traffic the fees of the illegally erected toll-gates.The fees would contribute to dire poverty because they had less money affecting their livelihoods, they would loose on their way to sell produce at market. Rebecca and her daughters took the law into their own hands and violently attacked the side bars leaving the â€Å"legal gates on the main roads intact†. The area had no policing or local government to stop the injustice of the turnpike trusts, this is the reason for the many protests on toll gates which were unguarded. â€Å"They say there is not a bye-lane of any sort by which a cart can get to the lime-kilns wh ich has not a bar or a chain across it.They say if ever there is a lane by which one or two farmers can get to their farms without paying toll, an application is immediately made to the trustees to grant a bar on the lane†. Document 3 by Thomas Campbell Foster, an executive Journalist from the Times newspaper was searching for the root causes of the Rebecca riots. This is a reliable source it confirms David Howell research on the turnpike trusts, that the â€Å"farmers loudly complain about the oppressive nature of tolls†.The turnpike trusts were dishonest they gained money from the toll gates but did not attend the roads,† they could continue to do this because Wales did not have a authorities who would oversee the injustice of the turnpike trust. This source highlights the oppression of the Turnpike Trusts who exacerbated the poverty. Document 2 from the Illustrated London news, the image shows men dressed as women with farming tools attacking toll gates which i s valid. However this source is primary evidence, which means it can be exaggerated, it shows false information.There are children present and some undisguised where they would usually have blackened faces and it's also taking place in daytime when it would be at night. The image further exaggerates the situation as it shows magistrates and gentlemen at the other side of the gates his may be because they were another grievance. Magistrates were a small elite group in society who charged any corrupt sentence they felt. Toll gates were attacked because they were tangible objects and nobody guarded them at night.This source highlights the attention the Rebecca riots brought. This publicity was from London it was an achievement as the government could hear of the riots and poor living conditions in Wales. Document 4 is an extremely a well informed source from the cartoon punch 1843. It's a very popular contemporary magazine known for its humorous portrayal of political issues. This imag e shows the attack of the toll gates, with farmers dressed in omen's clothes with blackened faces carrying the torches and sticks.The riot is taking place at night and engraved on the gate are several issues with caused the Rebecca riots. The grievances are church rate, tithes the poor law and it's union workhouses. On top of the gate are the faces of unpopular landlords or magistrates and on the building is the name â€Å"Robert Peel† a prime minister who introduced income taxes. Popular hatred† and this is a reason why the Rebecca riots looked like â€Å"no more than a violent outburst to the injustice of the turnpike system† but Union houses and almond weirs which distrusted fishing were also attacked.Overall farmers were oppressed by people who â€Å"collectively denied them Justice†. This source has the hindsight of the Rebecca riots it is an entry in the Welsh Academy Encyclopedia of WALES, published by the University of Wales in 2008. It will be a w ell researched source considerably valid used in higher education. Document 9 an extract from ‘Modern Wales 1950' a general academic book, with valid secondary information. David Williams is an historian with hindsight explains â€Å"the government was not content with mere repression.Largely because of the publicity even to the riots by The Times, three special commissioners were appointed in October 1843. † The times was read by the governing class and Journalist Thomas Campbell Foster captured the attention and importance of the Rebecca riots through his researched reports. The publicity caused the authorities to try relieve the grievances and they feared backlash if nothing was helped. â€Å"The commissioners analyses the general causes underlying the riots and in particular, exposed the abuses of the turnpike system. Commissioners were sent to analyses the problems but they did not look into underlying causes. A legal system was introduced because he government ha d previously neglected the area allowing the impressive turnpike trusts. David Williams in his book â€Å"The Rebecca Riots† 1955 described the riots as a gorilla warfare because of the disguised farmers who wore woman's clothes and blackened their faces before attacking the toll gates. David Williams an outstanding historian with a traditional and liberal point of view that argues the social structure is most important at a local level.The traditional â€Å"social ladder† was instrumental as a catalyst to the rioting. He believes the riots would have taken place even without the oppression of the absentee landlords. Religion was of crucial importance as the the tenant farmers were non-conformists and the local squires above them were believers of the Church of England. It was the non conformist preachers who spoke of social and economic conditions in their congregations. Their words were Justified in the bible read in the chapel, â€Å"let thy seed possess the gate o f those which hate them. It was the chapel goers who started this burning fire. The actions of landowners led to poverty. This source calls the landlords â€Å"unsympathetic, culturally alien†, this is because they no longer had paternal instinct to protect their tenants. They were absent landlords who moved because they were attracted to the political and social life in London separate from the tenant farmers. Rents were higher in Wales then the whole of England. The landlords weakened the Welsh economy spending their wealth outside Wales.Document 10 states that â€Å"Rebecca was concerned at the high rents paid by farmers to their landlords and it's likely that had the latter made timely reductions the riots would nor have occurred†. The everyday pressures on the farmers and struggle to cope financially in life were the main reasons for fury in the Replicates. Source ten states â€Å"landlords were retests were not enough and that's why Rebecca had to make a scene a nd use their traditional methods like Chiefly Preen to take their frustration out on landlords.David Howell book, â€Å"In land and people in 19th century Wales† in 1977, provides a detailed examination of the character of land holdings, regulations of ten year and farming techniques. Framing techniques were backward because the tenants were insecure on their land and didn't know if they would be evicted after a year. The book argues that the riots were orchestrated by non-conformist radicals against the local landlords and absent landlords who are higher in the social anarchy. David Howell implies that the situation is a type of class warfare where it's the peasant farmers in rivalry with landlords.His Marxist beliefs and critical of wanting a fair society, blames absentee landlords as well as local landlords for the breakdown in the paternal caring system which has been tradition for centuries in Wales. Absentee landlords increased local landlords rents who then further pas sed the burden onto the peasants. The Chiefly Preen (the wooden horse) tradition started before the sass's as protest due to the atrocious living conditions the people lived in. The roots of the Rebecca riots an be seen in Chiefly Preen where the people would use this as a way of frightening and humiliating someone who had offended the community's values.The men dressed as women and blackened their faces carrying a mock of the unpopular person without having to resort to seeking the help of the authorities. Source E is a poster issued payable LEWIS GROWER the local landowner following the attack on the salmon weir on the river TOEFL at Lechery in Garnisheed from Castle- Amalgam, 24th July 1843. The landowner presents a threatening notice â€Å"Being informed that the people, styling themselves Replicates, were assembled on Lechery Bridge, on Tuesday night, the 18th July, with the declared intention of destroying the SALMON WEIR†.Being a landowner with money he is unaware of h ow affected the farm laborers were by this restriction to their way of food. The Rebecca rioters attacked salmon wires because they belonged to the landowners and they were also tangible objects. â€Å"That upon the commission of any such aggression upon that, or any other part of my Property whatsoever, or upon the Property of any of my Neighbors in the District, I will immediately discharge every Day Laborer at present n my employment; and not restore one of them until the Aggressors shall have been apprehended and convicted. These people did not care about the underlying grievances of the people, Just saw it as them committing criminal acts. He was even willing to put his own laborers out of a Job to catch the people who attacked the salmon weir. There was no sympathy they only looked to protect themselves. There were big social divisions between the gentry and the small tenant farmers which contributed to the riots. Laborers who worked on the land. The gentry tended to belong t o the Church of England and spoke English.They often served as local magistrates or were Poor Law officials or belonged to Turnpike Trusts. They fixed the poor rate, the tolls and the tithes, they were unjust people. They had little in common with those who worked on the land and often made decisions that suited their own Document 7 is extremely useful primary evidence of Mary Thomas a tenant farmers wife to the Commission of Inquiry 1844. This lady represents the working people in West Wales at the time of the Rebecca riots. She explains that tithes were very high, â€Å"we paid E. 82 in January last†¦. N 1842 we paid E. 54 this is the receipt eleven years go we paid E. 50†. Mary Thomas was a respectable woman she was clever with financial matters keeping the receipts as evidence of the forever rising rents. The last time she had tithe to pay she could â€Å"only make up seven sovereigns which she could to squire Thomas agent but he refused to take them†¦ Till I c ould sell something. † There was no sympathy for the hard times, stock for tenant farmers was very low and they were struggling. â€Å"l have nursed 16 children and never owed a farthing that I did not pay in my life. This woman has budgeted her money all this time for her family to survive the hardships. Nor can I or the children go to church or chapel for the want of decent clothing†, she feels ashamed to even attend the chapel that she is paying such high tithes to because she is ashamed of the clothes her family have to wear. She is looking only for a â€Å"little relief† to cope with the financial pressures which caused increasing poverty. This woman would have been taken very seriously, she has genuine grievances presented to the gentlemen.Her evidence provided is reliable because she has receipts to back up her evidence. Religious factors also contributed to the hardships. Landlords were the members of he Anglican church and mostly spoke English, when eigh ty percent of the population of west Wales was Welsh speaking. The area of west Wales believed in non- conformity. Which was the refusal to accept or conform to the doctrines of the Church of England. Document 6 explains how â€Å"The tithes and church rates were still detested by the chapel members who had to make payments to the Church of England. This is because income of tenant farmers was further reduced because of the tithes they had to pay. Tithes were originally payments made for the support of the parish church, these payments were made in kind, for example crops or wool. Tithes were paid to the Anglican Church in almost all Welsh parishes once a year. In 1836, an Act was passed replacing payment in kind by a money payment that was fixed by the vicar or sometimes by the local landowner. They resented having to pay tithes to a church that was not their own.Another cause for discontent was the new Poor Law set up in England and Wales in 1834. Document C is from Neil Evans an honorary research fellow from the School of History and Archaeology in Cardiff University. This source is an historic news report on BBC website, it quotes†Under the new system, if you did not have enough money o support yourself you had to go into one of the new workhouses where conditions were to be worse than the worst paid laborer outside†. The rioters attacked workhouses as well as tollgates. The law meant that poor relief was no longer paid to the able-bodied poor.Instead, they were forced to live in a workhouse where conditions were deliberately made harsher than the worst conditions outside, this was called the workhouse test because the government believed that the cause of different parts of the workhouse. The poor were made to wear a uniform and the diet was monotonous. There were also strict rules and regulations to follow. Inmates, male and female, young and old were made to work hard, often doing unpleasant jobs such as picking oakum or breaking stones. Ch ildren could also find themselves hired out to work in factories or mines. In the past, they had often given food and goods to the poor but now they were expected to pay for building the hated workhouses. This meant paying rates and they had little spare cash†. The workhouses persecuted the poor, families were split up husbands separated from wives and their children. The farmers believed the system was cruel and expensive. This source has very useful information about the workhouse conditions. It is reliable because he is an academic historian and has valuable hindsight on the Rebecca riots. His research aims to inform and educate the public as it's in a BBC report.Abject poverty was the main grievance of the people of west Wales. It was distress and semi-starvation which led the country people to march under the banners of Rebecca. Source A explains â€Å"The attacks on the toll-gates were almost accidental. The main cause the mischief is beyond doubt the poverty of the far mers. † The people had become dissatisfied at every tax and burden they have been called upon to pay, it was too much pressure and it was impossible to cope. The tolls were undoubtedly an unjust imposition this was the breaking point â€Å"which has fanned this discontent into a flame†.Thomas Campbell Foster, a Journalist sent to report on the Rebecca riots, writing in an article in the London newspaper, The Times (26 June 1843) studied the livelihoods of the people and delivered honest feedback of their main reasons for the rioting which was more than the injustice of the turnpike system it was the deep rooted deprivation. â€Å"In the most miserable part of SST Giles (a slum area of London), in no part of England, did I ever witness such abject poverty. These are living conditions which Foster describes.Thomas Campbell foster empathetic with the people and contributed to the awareness of the Rebecca riots he was trusted by the people of West Wales and eventually help ed the government set up the Commission of inquiry into the dire poverty and agitation in West Wales. â€Å"Agricultural laborers arrive at starvation point rather than apply for poor relief, knowing that if they do so they will be dragged into the Union Workhouse, where they will be placed themselves in one yard, their wives in another, their male children in a third and their daughters in a fourth.Many people thought that the poor law was wrong as it humiliated and punished people who were poor through no fault of their own. People of the workhouse were not well fed Thomas Foster reports â€Å"The bread which I saw in a Workhouse is made entirely of barley and is nearly black. It has a gritty and rather sour taste. † The workhouses were like prisons for the poor. The historian, John Davies informs us in Document 1, that a rise in population, â€Å"Demographic factors were at the root of the crisis†. This led to competition for land and insecurity which ruthless land owners used to their advantage.Farmers constantly feared eviction if they were unable to pay rent. Most of the farmers in rented their land from wealthy landlords. The landlords were arrogant wanted to make more money and started to reduce the number of smallholdings available to rent they then created larger farms that could only be rented at a much higher price. Poor harvests in 1837 and 1838 increased shortages and poverty. There was a good harvest in 1842, but this did not benefit because that was a year of economic depression, so industrial workers could not afford to buy agricultural goods.Houses f the farm laborers were like mud hovels with no furniture they were cold and dire. Most had no beds Just loose straw and rags which was extremely unhealthy. The laborers had peat fires a cheap and poor coal that filled the home with smoke. Source B is by James Rogers of Carpenter, a corn merchant, giving evidence to the Commission of Inquiry into the causes of the Rebecca riots (1844 ). This is primary proof of the continuous hardships the people faced. † In the year 1840, which was a very wet summer, nearly all the farmers had to purchase corn, either for seed or bread.This distress has not been the result of one or two or three years, but a series of at least twenty. The value of the farmer's land and property has decreased in value while the rates, taxes, tithes and rent have been increased. This made the farmers very distressed. † To sum up, dire poverty had led to a serious situation in Wales. The attention of the authorities provided a compromise of a â€Å"moderate settlement of the worst abuses†. The government eventually suppressed the Rebecca riots, using troops and the full force of the law. Some rioters were caught and sentenced to transportation.Social notations gradually improved and the laws controlling turnpike trusts was amended eventually railway development eased the pressures of a growing population as farmers moved away in search of industrial employment. West Wales provided an easier market for produce and a safety valve for surplus population. People could move more easily to find work and this helped reduce pressure in rural areas for jobs. The ending of the Corn Laws in 1846, and attempts in 1847 to make the Poor Law more attractive also helped. â€Å"As a result Rebecca disappeared from view to become a proud memory of the Welsh heritage. † Hollies John