Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Claims Backlog Research Proposal

Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Claims Backlog - Research proposition ExampleThe paper also highlights the possible solutions to what can strengthen the run of claims and reduce the claims backlogs experienced in the Department of Veterans Affairs (Dawns, 2013). This is because of the claims backlogs the veterans experience due to an ineffective claims process. In the study, it is proposed that a new working VA system should be installed to curb the claims backlog and speed up the claims process. It is recommended that new personnel to be hired and trained to use the systems that will be installed. Statement of the Problem In approving the claims, strong evidence is required for veterans to validate their claims and be compensated. The VA is supposed to assist the veterans in the process of validating their claims for them to be compensated. The VA does this by identifying and ascertaining two important things, which include whether a veteran has been harmed and whether the veteran was injured in pull back of service. One of the bill reasons for backlog is the problem of the complexity of tracking the records that would be used to prove the relationship between the harm a veteran has endured and if he/she was in line duty (Write, 2012). This study aims at ensnareing at how to intensify and strengthen the claims process and help the veterans be genuinely be compensated for genuine damages they whitethorn have underwent in line of their service. a. Nature of the Problem The process of claims has been weakened to extent that veterans with genuine claims are sometimes not compensated because the claims process fails to establish the connection between the injury the veteran incurred and whether the injury was incurred in line of service. In a report provided in the United States, there are a large number of veterans still waiting for their medical claims. The veterans wait for more than a year for them to be compensated their medical benefits using the VA systems. Pointed out by the United States Sen. Schumer Charles, the veterans have to wait for over a year, or more for their claims to be processed and they are compensated. This is because the federal computer systems are compatible and and so making the claims procedure to be long and inefficient. This process of claims affected the Central New York where more than 2000 veterans to wait for a considerable period for the long claims process to end (North, 2012). This claims backlog is basically because of the incompatibility of the Defense Department computer system with that of the Department of Veterans Affairs. b. Duration of the Problem A long claims process has been of ill turn to the veterans who dedicate their life for the nation to stand. This problem has been in existence for quite a considerable time, and the veterans have endured the pain of the long waiting periods for compensation. On average, a veteran with genuine compensation claims should not wait for over a p eriod of 30days for the claims process to be completed and his claims approved for compensation (Herring, 2013). c. Estimated Cost to obtain the Problem The estimated cost for an average veteran was $1,100 each. The backlogs have led to the loss of over $31,000 to be compensated to a veteran. The estimated cost of installing the system is euchre billion dollars (Downs, 2013). Solution to the Problem a. Proposed Solution In a bid to solve the increased backlog of claims, U.S Sen. Schumer, saw the need to organize and pilot the energy of new legislation aimed at addressing the slow claims

College still matter Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

College still matter - Essay ExampleHowever, the necessity for college take aim education in employment has brought with it the dilemma of widening the gap between low, fondness and upper class citizens. Those poor battalion, who have intelligent children, but cannot reach to get them into college, suffer from the disadvantage that their children cannot get into decent workplaces. College education basically points toward the middle class position in society, and hence, necessitating college education for employment would mean that raft from middle class and upward are only eligible for good opportunities in employment. The gap may not have increased in middle and upper class citizens, but has definitely increased in lower and other classes because they will not be preferred in employment. Educational institutes may not have a role, but the government definitely has a role in making education available and affordable for all people of society, so that those of low socio-economi c status may also be able to avail education and employment opportunities just the same as other

Housing Department at Murray State University Research Paper

Housing Department at Murray State University - Research authorship ExampleThe university is the only public university in Kentucky with a population of 10,600 students. The campus has admit plane section that comprises of administrative and residential halls. New buildings be being put up to replace the old residential hall. The following are residential halls at Hurray University housing department Clark hall, Elizabeth hall, Franklin hall, Hart hall, Hester hall, Regents hall, white hall and Richmond hall. Murray state university has a residential section that is not only where the student exit live but leave also be where the student go out be baffling in various aspects of their life in the campus. They will be involved in such activities as intramural sports, traditions and other various activities enjoyed. The main start out of housing department is to ensure secure, well priced and maintained residence for Murray University. The residential halls provide services to college students and the faculty. The halls are usually supervised and the staff trained on how to maintain the halls. The residential halls have greatly assisted students in personal growth, involving themselves in activities, improved interaction between residential, faculty and students, and ensured academic success. The objective of the housing department is to provide a good and safe student accommodation, improved and well maintained social facilities. The residential facilities are enjoyed by both graduates and undergraduates students at a reasonable fee. The accommodation caters for students with children. The purpose of housing department is to provide music and sports facilities to the faculty, students and supporting staff so as to encourage social spatial relation among all. The main objective of the project is to avoid congestion of students in their residential halls. The housing department has increased the number of halls to curb this situation. The other objectives of this department are to ensure improvement of the student accommodation facilities, expansion and growth of residential areas, development and progress of the department (Housing & Residence Life Mission Statement, N/D). This will involve forethought and renovation of the current building infrastructure and possibly erection of new buildings in order to avoid congestion. Budget Justification way Name Proposal Name Budget Proposal for Fiscal Year 2012-2013 Submitted By Date November 26, 2011 Cost Year Total General fund national Fund State Funds Other 2010-2011 $ 141,529,822 $ 51,805,500 0 0 $89,724,322 2011-2012 $ 147,647,946 $ 50,295,400 0 0 $97,352,546 2012-2013 $ 153,722,524 $55,226,358 0 0 $98,496,166 Introduction Summary The murray state university housing department offers an affordable. and secure residence area for the students. It also provides a place where students will be involved in various aspects of their life. They will be involved in such activities as intramu ral sports, traditions and other activities. Statement of Need The changes in the budget have been reflected as there are a number of buildings that will be erected in order to accommodate more students. The proposed budget has major changes where some field have increased quotation than previous years season some have a decreased quotation. For instance, in housing auxiliaries there is a rise in the quotation. This is an estimation of the expected rise as detect in previous years. There was a previous increase of 1.7% therefore if we match the same increase the new figure will be 11,217,466. This will be also applicable in housing fee that had an increase of 0.2%. Housing custodial recorded a previous increase of 5.7%. Housing maintenance has increased in the 2012-2013 budget proposals as there are plans to erect new buildings thus there will be increased costs.

The Missing Melody Essay Example for Free

The Missing Melody EssayI woke up in the middle of the night with a sweat all over my face. Oh, it is much(prenominal) a horrible nightmare I had. I utter to myself. I lighted the candle in my room the small frame gave me a lukewarm atmosphere so I felt a lot better. I tried to continue my sleeping but I had a strong sentiency that there is something wrong. And what made me frighten until my heart beat faster was my sense is never lie to the reality. Nevertheless, I felt asleep again with my doubtful mind. ternion hours later, the phone rang. It is irregularly for receiving a call, especially in the morning. A widow and owner of a small farmhouse like me did not give away my infrastructure number to many people. I was hesitating, but deep down I knew that the call needed to be pick up, so I did. Unexpectedly, the mans voice introduced himself as a police from investigation department. I needed to prepare myself for their arrival at my estate they precious to crave me a f ewer questions about the mysterious murder which pop offed to my closest neighborhood.I was shocked and almost got paralysis. I got dress and went down stair to prepare myself for the coming investigation. Instead of school term down and wait, I walked up and down around my living room. I got pull down more frighten to know that bad thing did really happen and it involved me. I could not think of the sane reason which made anyone of The Hays got murder, they are such a lovely couple. The husband was the owner and worked in the farm while the wife took care of entire domestic matters. What a brutal person could do this to them, I thought. Then the knocking on my introduction interrupted my thought. They came to me because I was the only neighbor of the dead man, Mr. Hay. I told them honestly that I stayed inside all night and I did not hear anything weird. I felt so much pity for flaxen she was a gorgeous singer in town before she became Mrs. Hay. Then they asked me to go to th e Hays go down to get some clothes for Sandy, she was in the police station. I really wanted to do the best thing I can to help a nice and generous lady from her miseries. So they took me inside their house and up stair to their bedroom.The house seemed so usual and peaceful. A peaceful in a murder place, I might have gone mad. They told me that they had nothing to do in this place and wanted to see the plant grower of this farm for more investigation, because they could not find any evidence or suspect in this place. So they left me alone in order to select the appropriate cloths for paltry Sandy. I opened the white wardrobe with a sweet decoration, and grabbed things that I hope to be useful for Sandy. I knew that she would be depressed after confronted this pleasing of situation, so I continued to look for something that would be meaningful to her to help her feel better somehow. I glance my eyes over, and surprisingly I open what I intended. I knew that in a womens wardrobe, there was a secret drawer that men never realize.So I open it with ample hope to find some precious gift that Sandy unbroken. I found a wooden box, with beautiful carve. I was sure Sandy would be glad to see this present from Mr. Hay right now. However, I sense that I did not want the police to see this precious box, because I wanted to surprise Sandy. Then I rushed, gathered all Sandy would need, but the box fell down on the floor. I put my hands on my mouth, so I would not scream so loud to the polices ears. What I saw on the floor, another unexpectedly, is a spring jet beautiful feather of snigger. Then I heard the polices footstep coming, therefore I kept the feather in my pocket rapidly.I went to the police station with them. Along the way, I only spend my time consider of how would the feather become a precious object for Sandy. The police ask me about Sandys motivation to commit murder, and I absolutely answer that Sandy is too fragile to do thing like that. When we arri ved, I hurried to meet Sandy. Suddenly, I saw the most lament girl in the world. Sandy was wearing a shabby housewife dress and her precise long hair was tangled. She was sitting with her face down and did not even move. The police told me that she hardly said a word since her husband died. They begged me to talk to Sandy in order to find more clues.Left alone just two of us, I told Sandy that I brought her some clothes she may need. She thanked me. I held her in my arms and brought her the feather. Just seeing this, she cried loudly, and I was a little bit shocked. She thanked me again and again with the tear on her face. Though, I dont understand the whole story, Ill take you out of this place. Remember Sandy, just keep saying that you did not see or hear anything that night. Sandy held me even tighter I sense the womens bond in every drop of my blood. I will tell you everything after we left this place, Sandy said to me.Although Sandy answered all of their questions, but no clue s were found. They cannot arrest her in charge of murderer because they found no evidence to do so. After the investigation, I offered to winning care of Sandy at my place, and the police could not deny my assistance. Actually, I knew that Sandy is a murderer, but I insisted to help her because this is the right thing to do. I knew her enough, even more than her husband did. I knew exactly what I was doing, helping the murderer from punishment. I asked her how he died Sandy answered with emotionless face that After running(a) in the farm, he was very tired and went to deep sleep.My long braided hair took his breath just like he did with the rope around my birds neck. She told me that Mr. Hay would beat her if she sings he hated what she loves the most. Then she got this bird from a plant grower as a birthday present. Since that day, Charice the bird kept making pretty melodies instead of her wonderful voice. Sandy could not stand to let the mad who destroy her only happiness live. The woman bond mingled with suffering woman is the strongest than trammel. The woman is fragile seem to have no power but, if she is cornered, she can do anything that no one can imagine. I salve her because I was saved once in the same situation as well.

Web Service Implementation Essay Example for Free

Web Service Implementation EssayChristiansen, S. (2002) once described mesh operate as a potential political intrusion (p. 15). When we think what does this sentence mean and when we add the fact that web services are hot -by their nature- and not easy to fall in them workable in practice like Siddhartha, P. (2002, p. 587) mentioned then we could be able to imagine some of the potential hurdle race that need to be overcome to successfully implement web services. Web services by their nature- belongs to IT projects category.Thats why it is important to realize the reality of IT projects. A 41% of IT projects failed to deliver the expected esteem and more than ? of IT projects were canceled (Needmuchwala, A. , 2008, p. 3) not to mention that only 11% of administrations consider technology as a strategic weapon (p. 3). Despite the fact that web services do not require high costs to be implemented like other IT systems or solutions (ERP systems for example), the way to impleme nt web services isnt a bed of roses.And if we add those information mentioned above- to the fact that only 20% of companies gained significant experience with web services technologies (Altova, 2008), the picture will be clearer that there are some implementation hurdles to be overcome such as the technological, organizational and cultural obstacles that stand in the way of implementation (Saugatuck, 2007, p. 3) inaugural of all, implementation is only a phase in managing IT solutions (web services in this case).And if the strategic planning phase was successful and was done collaboratively by both happen business concern management and IT department, taking into consideration all possible hurdles or challenges, the implementation phase will be easier than with a weak plan. However, disdain the advances made in web services standards, achieving the seamless interoperability among heterogeneous platforms for the participating entities which is required for successful implementat ion of web services- could be tricky as Siddhartha, P. (2002) mentioned (p. 587)What softens the stake is the fact -mentioned by Aponovich, D. (2002)- that none of these hurdles is insurmountable, each one of them could cause (1) potential delays to implementation or (2) adding barriers in the way to get maximum business value of web services (or return on a web services investment). Also, (Valentine, L, 2004) mentioned the fact that omit of standards in such technology wont be a deal breaker maybe- because the extra coding process required for this standardization wont be too dramatic. The five hurdles mentioned by Aponovich, D.(2002) was (1) lack of experience in architecting web services, (2) difficulties in managing the organizational culture change, or the ever-present hurdle, resistance to change as Provost, D. (2004, p. 19) mentioned- (3) lack of standards, (4) lack of perceived business cases, and (5) difficulties in managing relationships with other organizations There a re numerous examples for companies (or sites) that overcome these hurdles and successfully implemented web services with a real business value or return on investments (ROI). virago (http//www. amazon. com/) and eBay (http//www. ebay.com/) are two examples for those sites. In Amazons case, partners needed better data introduction but the process of collaboration was expensive and brittle (Dumbill, E. , 2003) thats why Amazon decided to provide web services. Certain issues were taken into consideration rightly from the planning phase thats why Amazon succeeded in addressing these issues and finding the appropriate solutions. First of all, Amazon aligned the web services with their business outline and decided to pursued revenue based on the successful relationship with Amazons associates and seller (Dumbill, E. , 2003).Secondly, to guarantee success, the license was important to sustain Amazons business model (Dumbill, E. , 2003). The third issue was concerning protocols Amazon pr ovided both SOAP and XML over HTTP (REST) and let developers decide between them (Dumbill, E. , 2003). The fourth issue was to get a software platform and they address this by borrowing best practices (Dumbill, E. , 2003). The final issue was to successfully provide support for developers by using a combination of some tools such as discussion board, weekly chat, regular newsletter, software development kit, and online FAQ (Dumbill, E. , 2003).The most important is that Amazon provided openness with developers to foster creative thinking and focused on effectiveness by ensuring data freshness and preventing excessive server load (Dumbill, E. , 2003). Finally, it is obvious that the main factor, that leads to a successful implementation for web services, is the the full participation and engagement of the business (Jahnke, A. , 2004). Or in another word, to have melting the whole business into what Brynjolfsson, E. (2003) called the digital organization.And this digital organization includes (1) automation of tasks, (2) skilled labor, (3) decentralization of decision making, (4) improving the information flow across the organization, (5) adopting performance-based incentives programs, (6) more emphasis on the effectiveness of training and recruiting, and having employee and customer comfortReferencesAltova. (2008). Altova Web function Solutions. Retrieved October 30, 2008 from http//www. altova. com/solutions/web_services. html Aponovich, D. (2002). Five Barriers to Implementing Web Services.Jupitermedia Corporation. Retrieved October 30, 2008 from http//itmanagement. earthweb. com/erp/article. php/965371 Brynjolfsson, E. (2003). The IT Productivity GAP. MIT. Retrieved October 30, 2008 from http//digital. mit. edu/erik/Optimize/pr_roi. html Christiansen, S. (2002). The Business Case for XML Web Services. In XML 2002 Proceedings. IDEAlliance. Retrieved October 28, 2008 from http//www. idealliance. org/papers/xml02/dx_xml02/papers/04-02-01/04-02-01. pdf Dumbil l, E. (2003). making Web Services Work at Amazon. OReilly Media, Inc.Retrieved October 30, 2008 from http//www. xml. com/pub/a/2003/12/09/xml2003amazon. html Jahnke, A. (2004). Why is Business-IT alignment So Difficult?. CIO. Retrieved October 29, 2008 from http//www. cio. com/article/32322 Needmuchwala, A. A. 2008. Evolving IT from caterpillar track the Business to Changing the Business. TATA Consultancy Services. Retrieved October 29, 2008 from http//www. tcs. com/SiteCollectionDocuments/White%20Papers/DEWP_05. pdf Saugatuck (2007). SOA Governance Necessary Protection for a Strategic Business Investment.IBM. Retrieved October 30, 2008 from http//www-935. ibm. com/services/us/cio/flexible/saugatuck_ibm_soa_governance_jun07. pdf Siddhartha, P. (2002). Web Services Interoperability A practitioners experience. Springer Berlin. Retrieved October 29, 2008 from http//www. springerlink. com/content/q4w6ru7mbde4xfa7/ Valentine, L. (2004). CIO Focus on Internet, Web Services. CIO Today. Re trieved October 28, 2008 from http//ciotoday. newsfactor. com/story. xhtml? story_title=CIOs_Focus_on_Internet__Web_Servicesstory_id=23743

EU Membership Criteria Evaluation Dissertation

EU outgrowthship Criteria Evaluation DissertationAbstractThe purpose of this dissertation is establishing a new social station weapon for the European coupling (EU). As the EU struggles with different kind of issues those showed up lately due to its rank mechanism, the withdraw for a new social station system arises. The thesis follows five steps to come up with a new solution. First step covers information of the flow rate ingredientship system. Second step references particular problems closely related with subdivisionship system. In third phase the framework of the recommended system is built up considering the problems. deep down the fourth step, the new system applied on menti whizzd problems to see how it effects accredited situation in theory. Fin completelyy, the self-criticism on the recommended system and the simile between recommended and current partship mechanism is done in the fifth part.To understand the unavoid fittedness of a new membership system at least the existent structure with its historical background shall be known. As much as knowing salubrious the source of problems, analyzing problems separately is withal required to create a solution. In the same way to come up with a solution, the establishment of the system shall be based on arguments those pointed out during the examination of the current membership system. go settling the new system, required elements were inspired from different disciplines of the companionable science. To check the functionality of the new system, it is applied to related problems. More specific explanations almost the system be held during this checking suffice. Even if it sounds well functioning in theory, thither might be approximately points to criticize in the new system since the perfection of a system is hard to achieve in social topics. The last thing to decide rough whether choosing the recommended system or not is comparing the system with the current one according to thei r advantages and disadvantages.All in all, the thesis claims that the European yoke is going to have a dynamic membership mechanism which provides to a greater extent efficiency in membership activities. As a result, the EU can solve its problems and increase its structural solidity. In other words, the junction of member avers whitethorn process hot than before.INTRODUCTIONThe AssumptionThe European Union is NOT a religiously formed structure unlike it is suspected and conspired as a Christianity Union by some governingal scientists.1.2 The EU and necessity of a new membership systemEurope has achieved a very stunning progress in unification so far. However the mind bending question Does the unification make eitherthing better for all of the EU countries? still doesnt have a evanesce answer. From 1952 Paris pact until 2007 the last exaggeration, the European Union (EU) enlarged fifth times and each expansion separately came with some pros and cons. It has been arguing t hat how come a positive and beneficial action could create drawbacks and be harmful rather than easeful. Even though the political orientation behind the establishment of the European Union is essentially covers mutual beneficial agreement, somehow enlargements make some members current social and scotch situation worse. Besides, thither are to a fault some debates on whether enlargements should celebrate or not. After considering long-term cost-benefit analysis of enlargement attempts some doubts justifiably aro utilize around necessity of enlargement. The answer of these kinds of questions and results of these arguments give be also provided if the predicament of enlargement is solved. It is easy to point out the problems and backwards of enlargement observing the social and economic fluctuation in the EU countries. However, marking the first gravel and fundamental reason of these problems and to find exact solutions, as much as the source of problems are different and va ried and cannot be solved without major regulations, the enlargement structure should be examined per se. Thus, to see the main stream of enlargement problems, essentially focusing on the enlargement progress is necessary.As the question aroused virtually the enlargement progress, the membership process that the skeleton of enlargement is so important to analyze and observe the basic reason of problems in the EU with cost-benefit perspective. It can be said that the membership process may actually the origin of the problems which can be monitored in the EU. To see how membership process affects the Union badly, a comparison of social and economic indicators between current and previous situations is truly required. In other words, analyzing from the big bang of the EU till current situation by looking at enlargement results gives some clues to understand how problematic the membership process is. Additionally, the current social and economic situation of the EU members and the EUs transaction with other subjects are also helpful indicators to recognize the problem in membership process. Further to a greater extent than, during the analysis it can be observed that in some cases the legal and written masters of the EU come short to cover the legal loophole at the current membership process.After reaching the conclusion of analysis about the membership process, the system can be regulated and may be renewed according to the results those show us whether the system should be changed. Although if the results objectively refer the moderate performance of membership process, a new prospectively designed system will still be suggested to optimize the system and increase efficiency. Because by having a flashback to the establishment of the ECSC (European Coal and Steel Community) it can be seen that the main scheme of the EU was created to improve and support efficiency among countries. Thus if there is a more efficient and beneficial system which helps the EU to g et rid of its problems particularly, it should be preferred to current membership process due to ideological background of the EU, horizontal though the current system works with difficulties. Besides, the recommended system will compromise with the current system by adapting most of its features.Mostly, membership systems are thought so strictly binding with members and rules of membership are not dynamic to adopt with a new unknown situation. But the recommended membership system which will be designed and tested can bring dynamism into the EU structure. The structure of membership process is bases on the framework of dynamic systems. As the ideology and saying of the new system, it can be said the whole world changes and differs either second to form adaptation with each items in it, systems also should be so dynamic that adopt with every sort of situation. In other words, the life is dynamic by itself. Therefore, a dynamic system for the EU membership mechanism is more realis tic than a static membership model. Even in social sciences such as economics a dynamic analysis of saving is more explanatory than a static analysis and it also has more correct results.This thesis follows on five steps those will give us an understanding of change and the dissimilitude of new membership system. First of all, the current membership system and enlargement activities will be mentioned to observe the current situation. Secondly, the international, social and economical problems caused by current membership system will be mentioned particularly. The current problems and the lack of solution method against them will be shown in this part. Thirdly, the difference and requirements of new recommended membership system will be introduced. Furthermore, the application of the new membership system will be tried out with problems which would have been mentioned on the second step. Lastly, the conclusion to make an overall analysis and self-criticism of nominated membership s ystem emphasizing advantages and disadvantages of both membership systems will be pointed out. At the parentage of the thesis, the assurance is placed in the middle of the first page without any additional script to emphasize it very strongly. Because the whole thesis is bases on the assumption that the European Union is just a union tries to increase familiar benefits of all countries in Europe without any discrimination. Otherwise, if it was not said so and the European Union was a religiously established union, there would be no need to improve efficiency of the membership process because the only one membership criterion that would have been looked for would be the Christianity of the applicant countries. Hence, the thesis would be meaningless, the current application of non-Christian countries as well. The assumption also helps to set the border of this thesis. During the thesis, the focus will just be on objective materials without referring any speculative comments. The dy namic system will be recommended for the EU can also be used as a conflict resolution method on the other unions problem.With beliefs of the EU wants to have a more efficient and beneficial system, and also the EU defends that the unification of economic system and the harmonization of social structures shall be carried forward, a dynamic system will solve most of the problems in the union without acquire in any other political debates such as religion.As an introduction for drawbacks of the current system, slowdown in economic indicators, rising of nationalist ideology and parties, rejection of the EU constitution, domestic moral problems in member states such as in Italy, Budget deficit problems in member states like Greece and Spain, lack of common foreign and security policy, and loosing beliefs of candidate states on the EU can be referred among dozens of problems.Nowadays, the EU is not in a comparable position with its former strength but the comparison of situations after and before enlargement activities will show that how the current system affects the strength of the union negatively. Thus, it will also excuse how a membership system can diminish the power of a union. As simple as in the metaphor about flywheels of a machine, if there is any flywheel that works reversely, it should be gotten out from the mechanism before it blocks the working system. Even if a member state doesnt work simultaneously with the union, the Union may be able to ban the state or hold its membership for a term. Otherwise the whole legal structure doesnt help the system to work properly, this illustrates that the membership mechanism needs to be restored with an efficient one.PART ITHE CURRENT MEMBERSHIP SYSTEM AND ENLARGEMENT ACTIVITIES2.1 The current membership SystemThe current membership system bases on three different documents which are The 1992 agreement of Maastricht (Article 49),The declaration of the June 1993 European Council in Copenhagen, i.e. Copenhagen cr iteria, and a document is immovable after negotiations about adaptation to acquis communautaire between European Union and candidate state. Lately, all of the membership requirements and its legal structure were combined into the Treaty of capital of Portugal. This means that all of those three documents are included into the treaty of Lisbon with a couple of updates. Especially, the Copenhagen Criteria are the rules that decide whether a country is eligible to join the European Union and they are also known as the main detailed source for the membership prerequisites. Firstly, the idea of preparing a legal content for membership carried out with the 1992 Treaty of Maastricht (Article O). In Article 49 (formerly Article O), the geographic criteria and slightly ecumenic policy criteria were settled down. Then, with the 1993 Copenhagen Criteria, the general policy criteria of membership were described in more details considering three aspects Political, Economic and Legislative. Aft er all those criteria, as a homestretch, measures and regulations decided by negotiations between the European Union and candidate states fulfill the scheme of membership requirement for the EU. Most of these criteria have been confirmed over the last decade by legislation of the European Council, the European Commission and the European Parliament, as well as by the case law of the European Court of Justice and the European Court of Human Rights.The mentioned documents provide all requisites to become a member state of the EU. Thus, criteria can be sorted with sub-categories to understand what the EU demands from candidates particularly regarding to the general policy, geographic, political, economic, and legislative criteria. As a main frame the general policy criteria can be summarized as in the Article O (Maastricht Treaty)every European State may apply to become a atom of the Union. It shall address its application to the Council, which shall act unanimously after consulting t he Commission and after receiving the assent of the European Parliament, which shall act by an absolute majority of its component members. The conditions of doorway and the adjustments to the Treaties on which the Union is founded which such admission entails shall be the subject of an agreement between the 16 Member States and the applicant state. This agreement shall be submitted for ratification by all the contracting States in accordance with their respective constitutional requirements. (European Commission, 1992a)In addition to the article it can be extensively illustrated by an excerpt from the Copenhagen presidentship conclusions social status requires that candidate country has achieved stability of institutions guaranteeing democracy, the rule of law, human pays, respect for and protection of minorities, the existence of a functioning grocery thriftiness as well as the capacity to cope with competitive pressure and market forces within the Union. Membership presupposes the candidates ability to take on the obligations of membership including bail bond to the aims of political, economic and financial union. (Copenhagen European Council, 1993 1)Regarding its acquis and actions, the EU doesnt have certain steady geographic criteria for candidates. The EU refused Moroccos applications a couple of decades ago, in 1987 due to territorial and geographical difference. Besides, compensate though Turkey has small part of its territory on the European continent and Turkey is on negotiation phase of membership process now, the membership of Turkey is still a huge debate. On the other hand, the speculations about the membership of Israel is considerably spread because of close economic and politic relations between Israel and the EU (Europa, 2007) and recently some Prime Ministers of member states individually declare that they would be happy to see Israel as a member state of the EU soon (Rettman, 2010). Hence, in the legal documents, the geographic crit eria briefly demands that the candidate country shall have territory on the European continent and economical, cultural, historical and political ties with other European states as well. On the other hand, in practice, it can be seen so questionable. There is no clear answer for this dilemma. It can be easily illustrated by the fact that, before the rejection of Morocco, the EU accepted french Guiana to join the union despite the reality that it is in South Africa. Both countries mentioned in this case have similar background within France. The only difference is unlike French Guiana, Morocco is independent unspoilt now. However, instead of both countries, only French Guiana is in the EU. As a result, it can be claimed that the geographical criteria are not necessarily applicable within the current membership mechanism.Until 1993 the decision-making process of membership doesnt have clear references. The clear expression of prerequisites is declared with the Copenhagen Criteria. H owever, when member states agreed on criteria in 1993, there was no mechanism for ensuring that any member state was in compliance with these criteria. Nevertheless some legal arrangements and sanctions have been imposed to monitor compliance with these criteria. The first victim of this action was the Austrian government of Wolfgang Schssel in early 2000. They have been come across with sanctions of the other 14 Member States governments because of not compensating the membership requisites. These legal arrangements came into effect under the supplys of the Treaty of Nice on the first of February 2003. With Copenhagen Criteria three more aspects were added into membership mechanism Political, Legislative and Economic criteria. These criteria are going to be explained particularly as followsAs a crucial part of political criteria the EU ask for a consolidated democracy from candidate states. According to most political science scholars, the rendering of consolidated democracy cont ains these three steps Competitive elections, Liberties such as freedom of expression, freedom of press and freedom of association, and Consolidation of democracy in society. amalgamate democratic governance requires that all citizens of the country shall be able to participate equally in the political decision making process at every single governing level. Consolidated democracy also means free and fair elections with a secret ballot, freedom of press, the right to establish political parties without any obstacle from the state rulers, freedom of association, freedom of expression, rule of laws and freedom of standing trial through unbiased free judges. The second political criteria for candidate states is the rule of law which expresses government authority may only be exercised in accordance with documented and written laws. They should be adopted through an established procedure. In case of arbitrary rulings towards individuals, the principle is supposed to be a safety device . The third political criterion to join the European Union is respecting the Human rights in every kind of situation. The United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights is considered the most authoritative formulation of human rights and the EU is also admitted its legitimacy. According to the declaration human rights which every person holds because of their quality as a human being should be protected against all threats. Besides, those rights are inalienable and belonging to all humans. Briefly, if a right is inalienable, that means it cannot be limited, granted, bestowed, bartered away, or sold away. These include the right to life, the right to be prosecuted only according to the rule of laws, the right to be free from slavery, and the right to be free from torture.(Wikipedia, 2010a) The last but not the least political criteria for EU membership are respect for minorities and protecting their rights. At the beginning there was no clarity in definition of minorities in me mber states. But in 1995 with the Convention for the Protection of National Minorities (COE) the EU declared minorities in member states and defined their rights with consensus. However, minorities in member states are defined by a consensus commission which was formed by member states therefore not all minorities could be regarded and defined within the concept. The consensus commission (the Venice Commission) reached the conclusion of the Convention for the Protection of National Minorities which protects minorities by defining them as a group which is smaller in play than the rest of the population of a State, whose members, who are nationals of that State, have ethnical, religious or linguistic features different from those of the rest of the population, and are guided by the will to safeguard their culture, traditions, religion or language (Venice Commision, 2004 1). According to the definition of national minorities, unlike others, recent minorities such as immigrant populati ons have not been listed by signatory countries in the convention. This can be seen by checking the list of national minorities published by Council of Europe (Council of Europe, 2007).Another issue of the EU membership mechanism which can also be considered as a membership requirement is the economic criteria. As it is obviously known that the free market economy is the main characteristic of the EU. speak generally about free market economy, candidate countries shall have a functioning free market economy and the system should not be interfered by government as little as it is possible. Besides, their producers shall have the capability to deal with competitive pressure of free market and market forces within the Union. Nowadays, all economic requirements for membership are carried out with The European Exchange Rate Mechanism to take candidates into the Eurozone. While debating economic criteria for EU membership, one of the most popular misbelieves is the espousal of economic criteria which were defined by the Maastricht Treaty as prerequisites for membership. Because the way it is interpreted in the Maastricht Treaty concerns about member states. They mention about neither the necessity of abiding by the treaty for candidates nor obligations on candidate states. However, in practice, fulfilling those criteria is also expected from candidate states. The economic criteria defined by the Maastricht Treaty became more concrete with the Protocol on the excessive deficit procedure and the Protocol on the Convergence Criteria Referred to in Article 109j annexed to this Treaty. In the Protocols the desired ratios and rate were announced to member states, regarding to the practical aspect of the Treaty, it is binding for candidate states as well. The economic requisites for membership are sorted with articles in the protocol as followsThe reference values referred to in Article 104c(2) of this Treaty are 3% for the ratio of the planned or actual government defic it to gross domestic product at market prices 60% for the ratio of government debt to gross domestic product at market prices.(European Commission, 1992c)The criterion on price stability referred to in the first indentation of Article 109j (l) of this Treaty shall mean that a Member State has a price performance that is sustainable and an average rate of inflation, observed over a period of one year before the examination, that does not exceed by more than 1 percentage points that of, at most, the three best performing Member States in terms of price stability. Inflation shall be measured by 30 means of the consumer price index on a comparable basis, winning into account differences in national definitions.(European Commission, 1992b)Lastly, all candidates should regulate and enact their constitutions and judicial systems to consolidate them according to European law which built up over the history of the Union and also known as the acquis communautaire. After all criteria, the n egotiations phase is the last step towards membership. During the negotiations with each candidate country, progress towards meeting the Copenhagen criteria is regularly monitored. On the basis of this, decisions are made as to whether and when a particular country should join, or what actions need to be taken before its access become possible. However, even though a country successfully fulfilled the whole bunch of criteria, it is declared that the new member cannot take its place in the Union until it is considered that the EU per se shall have enough absorption capacity for this enlargement. This situation were announced with the excepts in Presidency Conclusions (Copenhagen European Council, 1993) as followsThe Unions capacity to absorb new members, while maintaining the momentum of European integration, is also an important consideration in the general interest of both the Union and the candidate countries.(Copenhagen European Council, 1993 1)To see the officially declared requ irements and explanations it can be better to quote some excerpts from official web-sites of the European Union, thus the criteria can be compared and understood with and without interpretationAccession criteriaIn 1993, at the Copenhagen European Council, the Union took a decisive step towards the fifth enlargement, agreeing that the associated countries in Central and Eastern Europe that so desire shall become members of the European Union. Thus, enlargement was no longer a question of if, but when.Concerning the timing, the European Council states Accession will take place as soon as an associated country is able to assume the obligations of membership by satisfying the economic and political conditions required. At the same time, it defined the membership criteria, which are often referred to as the Copenhagen criteria.Copenhagen European CouncilMembership criteria require that the candidate country must have achievedstability of institutions guaranteeing democracy, the rule of l aw, human rights and respect for and protection of minoritiesthe existence of a functioning market economy as well as the capacity to cope with competitive pressure and market forces within the Unionthe ability to take on the obligations of membership including adherence to the aims of political, economic monetary union.Madrid European CouncilMembership criteria also require that the candidate country must have created the conditions for its integration through the adjustment of its administrative structures, as underlined by the Madrid European Council in December 1995. While it is important that European Community legislation is transposed into national legislation, it is even more important that the legislation is implemented effectively through appropriate administrative and judicial structures. This is a prerequisite of the mutual trust required by EU membership. (European Commision, 2010)As opposed to the membership criteria and the EUs Acquis Communautaire, general criticism s are the lack of certainty and elaboration in membership criteria, not mentioning in Acquis Communautaire about cancelling membership in the case of refusing to carry out sanctions and penalties opted by the EU and the slightly existence of flexibility towards extreme case such as a desire of a member state to quit from the Union. In other words, there are sometimes conflicting interpretations in current member states about membership criteria and cancelling membership of an idle member state. On the other hand, the right of quitting form the union is recently added to the EU acquis with the Treaty of Lisbon.Before the Treaty of Lisbon entered into force on 1 December 2009 no provision in the treaties or law of the European Union outlined the ability of a state to voluntary withdraw from EU. The European Constitution did propose such a provision and, after the failure to ratify the Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe, that provision was then included in the Lisbon Treaty. The treaty introduces an exit clause for members who wish to withdraw from the Union. This formalizes the procedure by stating that a member state may notify the European Council that it wishes to withdraw, upon which withdrawal negotiations begin if no other agreement is reached the treaty ceases to apply to the withdrawing state two years after such notification.(Wikipedia, 2010b)Any Member State may decide to withdraw from the Union in accordance with its own constitutional requirements.(European Comission, 2007 Article 50)2.2 elaboration ActivitiesThe European Union enlarged fifth times so far and enlargements with greater amount of candidates mostly occurred through eastern European countries after the definition of the criteria mentioned above. This enlargement process started in 1952 when the European Union was still called as the European Coal and Steel Community. Since then, the EU has achieved to have twenty-seven member states with the most recent expansion to Bulgaria an d Romania in 2007.Table 1. The EUs enlargements and its approved membersAccessionApplicantIssuedEnlargements23 July 1952FranceN/AFounding Members23 July 1952(West) GermanyN/A23 July 1952BelgiumN/A23 July 1952ItalyN/A23 July 1952NetherlandsN/A23 July 1952LuxembourgN/A1 January 1973United Kingdom10 August 1961First Enlargement10 may 19671 January 1973Denmark10 August 196111 may 19671 January 1973Ireland10 August 196111 May 19671 January 1981Greece12 June 1975Second Enlargement1 January 1986Spain28 June 1977Third Enlargement1 January 1986Portugal28 March 19771 January 1995Austria17 July 1989Fourth Enlargement1 January 1995Sweden1 July 19911 January 1995Finland18 March 19921 May 2004Cyprus3 July 1990Fifth Enlargement1 May 2004Malta3 July 19901 May 2004Hungary31 March 19941 May 2004Poland5 April 19941 May 2004Slovakia27 June 19951 May 2004Latvia13 September 19951 May 2004Estonia24 November 19951 May 2004Lithuania8 December 19951 May 2004Czech Republic17 January 19961 May 2004Slovenia10 June 19961 January 2007Romania22 June 19951 January 2007Bulgaria14 December 1995Within the table above the enlargements and candidate countries are sorted according to historical antecedence. On the other side, there are also countries which could not join the EU because of particular reasons. The United Kingdom is vetoed by the French Government in 1961 and Denmark and Ireland

Similarities and differences of a leader and a manager

Similarities and differences of a drawing card and a effrThe marges holdhip and guidance argon seen very distinctly by diverse multitude. well-nigh individuals see these terms as synonyms and frequently use them interchangeably through fall out phrases and sentences. Others approach them as extreme opposites so extreme, in fact, they would argue that you lavnot be a fair private instructor and a good attraction at the same time. Still other people reside somewhere in the middle and work out that while there is a difference between leading and management, with the business knowledge an individual open fire successfully navigate both(prenominal) from the same position.The subject field of leadership has been a fast-growing part of management knowledge since the beginning of the 20th century. in most innovationions of management and validation, leadership has given a interchange place in enforcing principles, motivating employees and communicating future goals a nd masss to strive for. . centering and leadership take for been partners in the successes and failures of countries and companies before the start of recorded history. The basic concept of both are well understood but despite a large amount of information available, there is still confusion and disagreement on the implementation of management skills vs. leadership principles. Successful creation of professional trainment program is dep give the sackent on the recognition that technical/management skills are intentional abilities .they are the backbvirtuoso of the companies core capabilities. These capabilities must b augmented with leadership attributes that allow the police squad to move forward in implementation of the core bloodline (Ukko, J. Tenhunen, J . Rantanen, H., 2007).(Ballinger,G Schoorman, F Lehman, D, 2006) The terms management and leadership are very much interchanged. In fact, more people view them as basically the same thing. even so management is as di stinct from leadership as day is from night. Both are necessary, however, for a proud-performance organization. By contrasting them and understanding their differences, we can give balance and improve these essential roles. Therefore, both are devil distinctive and complementary systems of action and necessary for success in an increasingly complex and mercurial business environment. Each has its deliver function and characteristic activitiesstrong leadership with weak management are no better, and are sometimes actually worse, than the reverse. the real contest is to combine strong leadership and strong management and use each to balance the other.One key distinction between management and leadership is that we manage things and lead people. Things include physical assets, bear ones, and systems. People include customers, external partners, and people throughout our team or organization (or internal partners).when dealing with things, we talk around a way of doing. In the p eople realm, we are talking around a way of being.(Jovanovic, Z Sajfert ,D, 2009) There are differences between leadership and management. leaders is influence and challenging future actions enterprises and it deals with effectiveness and bus efficiency. Managerial skills are prerequisite for leadership. it is possible to be an excellent manager, and to never become a leader. well be shaked managerial skills not only provide the basis for good leadership, but also enough time to conduct, because it is not possible to become a good leader and the management of the operations do not happen successfully.Often indicates the following differences between the management and leadership. The leadership based on the relative match and management in relation authority. The secondly, leadership and leaders engage followers, and the management of managers and perpetrators They are both complete action systems neither is simply one opinion of the other. Each has its own distinctive purpose and characteristic activities. People who think of management as being only the implementation part of leadership make out the fact that leadership has its own implementation processes.Literature Review2.1 Concept of management(Haslam, 2004) Management is basically the process of getting activities completed efficiently and in effect with and through other people and it t quits to involve direction of day-to-day operational tasks, management and maintenance of budgets and deadline oriented, directing teams to achieve goals by establishing objectives.(Ukko, J. Tenhunen, J . Rantanen, H., 2007) management the term which can be defined functionally as the action in measuring a quantity on a regular basis and adjusting an initial plan and the actions taken to reach ones intended goal .2.2 Concept of leadership(Haslam, 2004) Leadership is quite possibly the most-researched aspect of social and organizational psychology. As a result, a lot has been written on the topic. have a look at t he business section of your local bookshop and see just how many books are devoted to an attempt to explain leadership. It is fascinating to both academics and practitioners.(Ukko, J. Tenhunen, J . Rantanen, H., 2007) The term leadership as a process or action that affects the actions of an nonionized group when it is heading for goal setting and goals. The main qualities of leadership are abilities for long-term strategic thinking, communication skills, integrity and ambition. in popular language, leadership unremarkably refers to motivating and committing people- in short, leading people. leadership comes from somebodyality. Companies spend a lot of time, money, and effort on the selection of their high-level leaders. yet consistent leadership traits have been very difficult to identify. Two things that are clear are(1) Leadership is a relationship between people.(2) An effective leader is distinct in different situations.Based on (Jovanovic, Z Sajfert ,D, 2009) leadership c an be defined as the process by which members of a group activity directed toward the exercise of objectives. Here it can have several meanings Leadership involves other people-the employees or followers that means not equal distribution of power between leaders and group members . Leadership is the ability to be in different ways using various forms of power to impact on the behavior of followers.2.3 What is a manager?(Haslam, 2004)in many organizations, Manager is a formally conferred title. you can even go to college and learn to be a manager. Managers are possibly part of but often separate to the group they manage. Offices rarely have more than one office Manager.Being a good manager is well-nigh using the authority disposed to your role well and appropriately. Managers focus on day to day tasks to make sure work is completed. They use rules and processes, tactical direction and program line, to manage others activities.2.4 What is a leader?(Kent, 2005) Leaders achieve chang e. They use ideas and dialogue to influence, inspire, help, and encourage change in peoples attitudes leading to changes in behavior. it is often said management is doing things right, leadership is doing the right things. leadership involves the risk of following new ideas to defecate opportunities, while management diligence produces tangible results. Being a good leader is very much close developing relationships. Sometimes they are personal, other times they are idealogical. Either way followers connect with the leader on a personal level.2.5 tip and managing(Haslam, 2004) Perhaps it is true that we must be able to see things separately before we can understand how they can t together. while it is recognized that the two processes, managing and leading, must work together and reside within the same individual, it is useful in order to understand each process more completely to espouse them separately.It is argued then that the two processes, while distinct, cannot effect ively work without each other working in tandem. From the standpoint of the purposes of the two processes, how effective is it for a leader to develop a vision for the organization and to muster support and motivation to pursue it if the manager in him/her does not procure and efficiently allocate the resources to accomplish the vision? Or, the manager can effectively select and allocate resources, but if he/she has no vision or feel of direction what is that allocation based on, and where is it fetching the organization.LeadingManagingpurposeTo create direction will to pursue it through the development of peoples thinking and valuing.ProductsThe establishment of thrust toward a purpose or end the creation of social orderliness to carry out that thrust higher states of behavior and thinking in terms of principles, values, morality, and ethics.Processes Creating vision, aligning people within a team, managing their Self, recognizing and rewarding, communicating meaning and importan ce of the vision.PurposeTo determine and compare alternative uses and allocations of resources and to select that alternative which is most skill effective toward accomplishing or producing a product, end or goal.Products Resources, organized effort, and awareness of performance and progress toward goalsthe creation of a desired mode of working among people and other resourcesThe creation of the most energy effective way of dealing with the causes of events and situations in accomplishing a purpose tied to a particular situationProcesses Planning, organizing, controlling, and coordinating.There must be a uninterrupted hand off, or changing of hats, within a single leader/manager to be effective. The leader part of the leader/manager develops the vision and sense of direction and the manager gures out how to get there in terms of the right alternative path, acquiring and allocating the resources that are needed. Wearing his/her leader hat he/she works the people issues and engender s commitment, and motivation while advancing the organizations ethics and values. Handing off to the manager in him/herself she insures that goals are set and helps determines the most effective way of accomplishing those goals.The explosive charge is carried out through this constant handing off (within the same person) from leader to manager and back to leader.2.6 Leading or managing(Kent, 2005) The leader/manager must act in the manner appropriate to the given context. If the vision is clear and well communicated, it is probably time to get working on its execution. That would include establishing goals, making assignments, following up and other managing functions.It is probably safe to assert that most would agree that there are (at least) two signicant functions that are important to the success of any organization leading and managing. The two functions are, practically speaking, inseparable. Theoretically and conceptually, they can be differentiated. They can be studied, to some extent, separately. But in reality, they reside within, and are practiced by single individuals. Organizations need both functions in order to thrive.It is probably an acceptable proposition that most positions in modern day organizations that convey some pointedness of leadership also require some degree of managing (using those words as dened above). but one might ask what is the degree of leadership and of managing that is required by a given position? Would it not be possible, given the argument to this point, that we could calibrate the leadership requirements of any position and the managing requirements of that position as well?We can imagine jobs that require a high degree of managing and a low degree of leading perhaps a manufacturing engineer who is responsible for installing a new section ina manufacturing line. this does not suggest that the job does not require any leadership.We might see that the engineer must strive the commitment of the line workers, enlis t their cooperation, recognize their assistance and contributions, etc. but for the most part, the job requires managing many details and resources. yet a different job, say a team leader for a self-directed work team might be described as demanding a striking deal of leadership and only some managing. again, the team leader must manage some things it is not that they have nothing to manage but the greatest demand of the team leader is on her leadership. a third job, such as a project manager for a new product introduction, may require a great deal of both managing and leading. a fourth job, perhaps a receptionist ina law rm, requires little managing or leading. nally, some supervisory positions require the incumbent to perform the hands-on work itself, coordinate and problem solve the work, and to lead a number of others who are also performing the work.2.7 How management and leadership can work together(Haslam, 2004) the difference between a manager and a leader is that a manage r says, Go, while a leader says, Lets go.Management researchers concede that leadership is an integral part of a managers job, but how much depends on the circumstances. although some companies use job titles like team leader, a leader fulfils a role rather than a position. anyone in an organization could be a leader, given the right situation.This principle is sometimes used politically, where each person takes on the role as leader at different times. one well-known example is the rotating Presidency of the European Union, where each EU country gets a six-month turn at being the leader.The Presidential country is not the manager of the European Union. management tasks are dealt with in Brussels. during its term, the EU President takes care of diplomacy, both within and outside of the EU a relationship issue.2.8 Can a Manager be a Leader and a Leader be a Manager?(Ukko, J. Tenhunen, J . Rantanen, H., 2007) the answer to the question is yes. The skills to be a leader or a manager a re not exclusive in nature. A leader who only displays leadership skills will be ineffective when it comes to checking time cards, completing employee reviews, and scheduling employee vacation time things that employers require their managers to do on well-timed(a) bases. Similarly, a manager who spends all his/her time completing paperwork and reading reports only creates more problems for him or her because they lack a developing relationship with their employees.If you are a manager who has spent too much time managing and not leading his/her employees, start spending 10% of your time each week leading until you can establish 25% of your time in leadership practices. If you are a leader who only likes to lead, either become a politician, hire an assistant to be the manager, or start spending 50% of your time getting the paperwork done.2.9 Differences between leadership and management(Lightfoot, W Kehal ,M, 2005) management and leadership are often considered interchangeable. Ye t relatively recent evidence argues in favor of the two becoming separate disciplines related, but clearly different.Regarding leadership, there are set of fundamental truths about all leaders as follow 1. Leaders forever create (and need) change2. Leaders always create (and need) followers3. Leaders have a rock-solid value system, which is congruent with their followers.(Gill, 2005) the differences between management and leadership simply.Managers plan, allocate resources, administer and control, whereas leaders innovate, communicate and motivate. vision is one of the key differences between a manager and a leader.Other differences can be illustrated as follow Management is about path following leadership is path finding. Management is about doing things right leadership is about doing the right things. Management is about planning and budgeting leadership is about establishing direction. Management is about controlling and problem solving leadership is about motivating and inspi ringIn addition , leadership represents one of the oldest, most natural and most effective of all human relationships. Management is a afterwards product, with neither so romantic nor so inspiring a history. leadership is of the spirit, compounded of personality and vision its practice is an art. Management is of the mind, more a point of accurate calculation of statistics, of methods, timetables, and routine its practice is a science. managers are necessary leaders are essential.(Crevani,L. Lindgren, M. Packendorff, J., 2010) the biggest difference between managers and leaders is the way they motivate the people who work or follow them, and this sets the tone for most other aspects of what they do.Many people, by the way, are both. They have management jobs, but they realize that youCannot buy hearts, especially to follow them down a difficult path, and so act as leaders too. leaders manage and managers lead but the two activities are not synonymous. management functions can pot entially provide leadership leadership activities can contribute to managing. Nevertheless, some managers do not lead, and some leaders do not manage.There is a profound difference between management and leadership, and both are important. to manage means to bring about, to accomplish, to have charge of or accountability for, to conduct. leading is influencing, guiding in a direction, course, action, opinion.(Kent, 2005) one way to understand something is to identify how it is different from something else.Since the 1980s most scholars trying to understand transformational leadership have attempted to differentiate between leading and managing and to understand leading as something distinct and separate from managing. Some characterizations of these differences include the ideas ofmanagers do things right leaders do the right thingsmanaging is an authority relationship leading is an inuence relationship andmanaging creates stability leading creates change.While these ideas are prov ocative and stimulating, they do not provide a basis for study and deep understanding of the dynamics behind the two processes of leading and managing.We can dene both the leading function and the managing function in three terms. Each term or perspective is distinctly different from the other two. the rst term provides the perspective of the purpose of each function. this answers the question why does each function exist? the second term describes the products or outcomes or results of each function. this answer the question what does each function result in or create? the third term has to do with the processes involved in each respective function and it answers the question how does each function come about, or how is each manifested?3- preachingLeaders have followers. Managers have subordinates. The biggest difference between managers and leaders is the way they inspire the people who work with.There are some key differences. Managers ordinarily have people whose output they a re responsible for. They have a positional authority over their follower and their output. Alternately, following a leader is always a voluntary activity. Leadership is often situational rather than positional the right person in the right place at the right time to lead the troops forward.It is clear that manager and leader both may know the business well. But the leader must know it better and in a different way. He must grasp the essential facts and the underlying forces that determine the past and present trends in the business, so that he can generate a vision and a strategy to bring about its future. One telling sign of a good leader is an honest attitude towards the facts, towards objective truth. prejudiced leader obscures the facts for the sake of narrow self-interest, partisan interest or prejudice.Effective leaders continually ask questions, probing all levels of the organization for information, testing their own perceptions, and rechecking the facts. They talk to thei r constituents. They want to know what is working and what is not. They keep an open mind for serendipity to bring them the knowledge they need to know what is true. An important source of information for this expression of leader is knowledge of the failures and mistakes that are being made in their organization.Leaders investigate reality, taking in the pertinent factors and analyzing them carefully.On this basis they produce visions, concepts, plans, and programs. Managers take in the truth from others and implement it without probing for the facts that reveal reality. .Leaders base their vision, their appeal to others, and their integrity on reality, on the facts, on a careful estimate of the forces at play, and on the trends and contradictions. They develop the means for changing the original balance of forces so that their vision can be realized..The most dramatic differences between leaders and managers are found at the extremes poor leaders are despots, while poor managers are bureaucrats in the worst sense of the word. Whilst leadership is a human process and management is a process of resource allocation, both have their place and managers must also perform as leaders. All first-class managers turn out to have quite a lot of leadership ability.We can sum up the key differences between manager and leader as follow The manager administers the leader innovates. The manager is a copy the leader is an original. The manager maintains the leader develops. The manager focuses on systems and structure the leader focuses on people. The manager relies on control the leader inspires trust. The manager accepts reality the leader investigates it. The manager has a short-range view the leader has a long-range perspective. The manager asks how and when the leader asks what and why. The manager imitates the leader originates. The manager accepts the status quo the leader challenges it. The manager is the classic good soldier the leader is his or her own person.To s ummarize, leadership and management are certainly different but are essentially complementary to each other. Manager uses a formal, rational method whilst the leader uses passion and stirs emotions If you want to lead employees to very high performance, treat them with great respect and not like robots, thus leading them to treat their work, their customers, each other and their bosses with great respect. Its vital for senior individuals in positions of great responsibility to be able to play both roles the boss who cannot manage will kill an organization just as fast as one who cannot lead. But the person who can do both, they are on the path to success.4- ConclusionAlthough there are clear differences between management and leadership or manager and leader, there is also a considerable amount of overlap . when managers are involved in planning, organizing , staffing and controlling , they are involved in management . Both processes involve influencing a group of individuals toward goal attainment.