Analysing the various Management Principles and Applications

Analysing the discordant Management Principles and ApplicationsThe need for overlord trouble came along with large scale businesses from the industrial revolution. This is gener completely(a)y understood to cover the period from just about 1760 to 1850 in this time there was a major frugal growth. The division of labour, combined with technological advances provided the economic need for a factory system. The factory system however, brought new problems for owners passenger cars.There ar various pi adepters who contributed to the growth of management, these includeF.W. Taylor (1856-1915) he was known as father of scientific management, was a professional engineer.H.L. Gantt (1861- 1919) his master(prenominal)(prenominal) entertain was human universes in industry he wanted to establish democratic societies in factories.Abraham Maslow was a behavioral psychologist who modeled in academia and industry. He wrote various books on human relations. The first book was on need and Personality set out the needfully of a human being these are still staggeringly important factors today.Definitions of ManagementThere is no gener everyy accepted definition of management, however, the take up definition is utter to be that of Henri Fayol (1841-1925) who was a French Engineer, as even today the principles remain the same.To manage is to forecast and plan, to organise, to command, to coordinate and to look into. H. Fayol (1916)Henri Fayols definition of management is found upon his initial idea that forecasting planning was about looking to the forthcoming coming up with a plan of action to allow objectives to be met. Organising was seen in structural legal injury while commanding was said to refer to maintaining activity amongst personnel. Coordinating is a unifying activity which efficaciously allows all parts of an activity to work in harmony finally defendling meant, ensuring things are make in accordance with established specifications policies etc. Henri Fayol therefore is responsible for identifying the principles of management which are listed below are further detailed in task 2 of this assignment.ForecastingPlanningOrganisationCommand (Motivating) ascendentCo-ordinating and communicating some separate definition is that of Edward Brech the last of the management pioneers. He believed that management was for the good of society and rectitude was its cornerstone. He collated ideas, added his own unquestionable training programmes textbooksManagement is a social process the process consists of planning, control, coordination and motivation. EFL Brech (1957)A nonher definition is that of Harold Koontz Cyril ODonnell, both professors of business management at the University of California.Management is an operational process initially best dissected by analysing the managerial functions The five essential managerial functions (are) planning, organising, staffing, directing and leading and controlling. Koont z ODonnell (1984)The definitions of Brech Koontz ODonnell are based upon that of Henri Fayol however they stomach made some small changes, for compositors case Henri Fayols term command is changes to motivation by Brech directing or leading by Koontz ODonnell.P2 Explain the principles and processes of management.A managers communication channel consists of planning, organising, directing controlling a comp whatsoevers resources which include the workforce, equipment, finances, facilities materials etc. Management in like manner includes the recording storing of facts in workation for later workout or for the substance abuse of others in spite of appearance the organisation to assist them with their own objectives. Management is not just limited to managers supervisors as every(prenominal) member or employee is responsible to some extent for managing their own functions as part of their speculate.The main principles of management described by Fayol are as follows ForecastingPlanningOrganisationMotivatingControllingCo-ordinating and communicatingWithin any company or organization a manager has many roles responsibilities there job of necessity that they bring on the all of these skills to fulfill the role of manager.ForecastingForecasting is concerned with the future economics of a company or organisation. This involves decisions being made to steer the company or organisation in the recompense direction these decisions testament be based upon forecasts by the management. These whitethorn include financial forecasts such as the annual turnover of the company the requirements of funding to allow the company to fund their redacts. Forecasts may also be in relation to the companys workload therefore allowing them to forecast the required resources i.e. labour.PlanningPlanning involves the future co-ordination of project controlling of resources. Many decisions made in regarding planning will be based upon the companys forecasts as expl ained previously however planning will also be done on for apiece one individual(a) project. This involves the fashioning of decisions which will allow the company or organisation to meet the demands of their clients ensure that the objectives of the business are met. The main objective of a typical business is to make profit, therefore each individual project will be planned organised in detail will be closely managed monitored to ensure it is moving in the right direction, thus ensuring that the clients demands are met that the businesss objectives are met.OrganisationOrganisation involves the arrangement of the company body structure while establishing relationships resources which will allow the companys objectives to be met. Any company or organisation will require that all of their individual plane sections are organized appropriately to allow them to function meet their demands. A managers job will be to define each individual in spite of appearance their depar tment with their own roles responsibilities while ensuring that they all meet their demands in accordance with any specifications timescales while ensuring that they are coordinated with any relevant set based activities.MotivationThis is the process to improve the physiological state of morale within the workforce of a company. A companys most important asset is its personnel, therefore it could be said that the motivation of the employees is essential. The identifiable postulate of an employee includeTo be paid fairly to allow them a comfortable standard of living.To be hard-boiled as an individual while being recognized as a polar part of the aggroup.To brook a reasonable sense of security in their job.To be allowed the luck to show their ability initiative.Having a socially acceptable job with a sense of belonging and acceptance, allowing a high self esteem.Having the opportunity to progress within the company.An employees motivational needs is what that particular emp loyee needs are in order to dish out keep them happy in their job, thus allowing them to perform to the best of their ability. Many of these needs may also be more important than others which a manager should have the ability to detect fulfil, for example, an employee might savor that they should be recognised as an important member of the team as this may boost their confidence. once their confidence is boosted their motivational needs are therefore fulfilled. There are many ways in which companys work towards meeting the motivational needs of their employees as a whole these include the introduction of indemnity schemes and provision of good welfare facilities etc.ControllingControlling refers to the continuous observation of a project to ensure that the work is carried out is continuing as it was initially planned. Should it be noticed that the project is not progressing as per planned corrective action will be taken to rectify this. Controlling is the tactical spear of t he management involves checking the current achievement with pre-determined natess. Controlling may comprise ofThe control of the projects overall budget.The control of monetary digestments for the supply of materials services.Controlling the progress of the project.Co-ordinationCoordination is crucial to ensure that each team or department involved in a project works in harmony to ensure that the project is sinless with the least possible problems throughout the duration of the project. The coordination of management requires regular communication typically in the form of meetings to integrate ideas into action. Co-ordination is not only crucial between the management employees in any one company, it is crucial that there is co-ordination between all parties involved in a project. This keep be difficult specially in large scale projects where for example the Client, Architect, Quantity Surveyor, Contractor Sub-Contractors etc must all work together to ensure that the proj ect is completed successfully. This is where good management is essential to ensure the co-ordination between all of these parties. parleyCommunication is to probably the single most important element within any organisation in particular any construction project as good communication is critical as it ensures the coordination and control of individuals, groups and departments not only within one company or organisation but also within all the other parties who may be involved with a project. Communication ensures control of a companys plans and procedures that any instructions given to staff by the management are clearly understood. Poor communication can lead to ineffective control, poor coordination and inevitably management failure which will ultimately result in a failure to meet a companys objectives i.e. a loss of money.Often, communication can be hindered by simple barriers such as the use of different phrases expressions between parties. Different languages may also rep resent a problem in international contracts, while modern communication methods such as emails etc may be misrepresented. In the construction industry in particular there is a slight create as much of the communication is done by the use of detailed drawings which represent the same to each individual no matter what their language may be.P3 Explain the motivational needs of individuals and groups, leaders behaviors and concepts of team working.MotivationMotivation is mainly concerned withThe forces that stimulate human behaviour.The factors that channel direct this behaviour.The way in which this behaviour can be maintained or eliminated.Motivation is crucial in all workplaces irrespective of the nature of work carried out. Keeping employees highly actuate is the key to a successful workplace. An employee who is happy, satisfied actuate in their job will inevitably be more productive than an employee who has little or no motivation. There have been various motivation theories but all with the same intentions. A highly prompt workforce is ultimately more productive this can help to increase labour outputs therefore decrease costs which will in turn generate more profit for the business. Motivation not only increases the quantity of work but also the quality, therefore having a large group of highly prompt employees can have a positive effect on any business.People can be motivated in various different ways this will be dependent upon their individual needs requirements. For example, one employee may be more motivated by being given the opportunity to use their own initiative, while another employee may be more motivated by the prospect of bonus schemes. Setting work related goals is another method of motivating employees as they are more probably to be productive if they have a target to work toward whereas If a task has no target it may cause employee to feel dissatisfied therefore they will be less motivated.There have been various pioneers of ma nagement theories throughout the years. Amongst them are those by Frederick Herzberg, who believed that the key motivators were achievement, recognition, advancement and job interest. Others include stern Adair, Peter Drucker, Elton Mayo Victor Vroom.As was briefly explained in task 1 of this assignment Maslow wrote a book based on human relations. In the book he wrote about the factors which drive or motivate people. Once a group or individuals needs are satisfied, then they will not be motivated by the same benefits as generally humans all ways stay more. Maslows report shows in order to achieve good results from the staff and able to complete our new proposed construct successfully we would have to ensure the employees needs are catered for and their problems are being listened to.Maslow defined five orders of needs which are as followsPhysiological- The basic survival requirements of warmth, shelter and foodSecurity- Protection from danger of threatSocial- dealings with oth ers, expressed as friendship comradeship or loveSelf-Respect- Sense of personal worth, respect and libertySelf-Actualisation- Sense of achieving your full potentialA more recent and modern approach was from Sheila Ritchie and Peter Martin who actual a theory in the late 1990s that began under the assumption that it was a managers task to break-dance what motivates their workforce. They identified twelve motivational drivers including, the human needs for interesting work, a variety in work, achievement, power, self development, creativity, influence, social contact, money and perks, structure and rules, long term relationships good working conditions.The idea was based on having a method of motivation for each employee as it was based on the belief that each individual had different motivators therefore should have their own motivators used with them. For example, if an employee has worked well achieved more when targets are set, then the manager should make the effort to ensur e the employee know what was expected of them at all times. However, this method is not unceasingly going to be practical many companies simply use incentive schemes which are aimed at all employees. These may include incentives such as extra time off or bonuses in hire for exceeding their targets. Many companys also make use of team building days which are also aimed to increase motivation within the workforce. These days out can range from sporting activities to evening meals all paid for by the employer.Leadership StylesThere are various different styles of leadership used in the workplace this will vary dependent upon the workforce in general, for example, if there is a mixture of non- experient skilled workers, each of these groups may need a different style of leadership to fully motivate them gain the best from them there will of course be a difference upon individuals. The main leadership styles are defined asAutocraticAn autocratic leader can be described as one who simply issues orders to their workforce expects everyone to comply.DemocraticA democratic leader manages by consultation with their workforce encourages each individual to participate, therefore developing a team approach in the workplace.There have been various studies in regards to management leadership, for example Rensis Likert (1903-1981) an American psychologist statistician conducted research on human behaviour within different types of organisation during his research he studied different styles of leadership defined four main types of management system as follows.Exploitive / Authoritative System.Decisions are imposed on employees.Employees are motivated by means of threats i.e. the loss of their job.High levels of management have great righteousness.There is no responsibility for low levels of management.Poor communication teamwork.Consultative SystemThe leadership will have some bank in their employees.Motivation is gained by rewards by having involvement in the decision making.There is a variable level of responsibility over all levels of management.There is some communication teamwork.Participative Group SystemThe leadership have full confidence in their employees.Motivation is gained via economic reward earned through critical point targets being met.All employees feel that they have a responsibility for the companys targets.Good communication team work tales place.Benevolent / Authoritative SystemLeadership via master / servant trust.Motivation is gained by the provision of rewards i.e. pay increases.Levels of management have great responsibility.There is no responsibility for low levels of management.Poor communication teamwork.The style a leader adopts depends on their perception of their workers motivation for example, do workers need to be driven autocratically and motivated by wage increases or are they better motivated by being allowed to vocalize their opinions assist in the decision making.A leadership styles success d epends on the circumstances the leader is in, for example if a leader is under pressure it may be more upright to use an autocratic style of leadership. How close workers are may also have an influence, for example a team of workers who have worked together for a long time may be more motivated by being involved in the making of decisions. The method of leadership adopted should be carefully considered as leadership styles can also affect employee motivation.Team WorkingTeam working can be beneficial in many circumstances in the workplace. This allows for more ideas to be generated more feedback to be received by the management. Team working also allows for greater coordination of works while allowing individuals to use their strengths in place of other team members weaknesses.Merit CriteriaSchools of ManagementDuring the late 19th early 20th centuries, management theory was developed was classified as either scientific management or administrative management many of the techniq ues concepts are still used in modern management.